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Abstract
The essay is conceived as the first part of a series of publications dealing with the regional administration of Alexander the Great’s Empire at the satrapal level, as well as the relationships between him and the dependent territories in Asia. Consideration of this issue seems very useful due to insufficient attention to it from modern scholars. The present work focuses on the satrapies of Asia Minor, while the further ones will provide an overview of all other provincies of Alexander’s Empire and the Asian regions dependent on him; finally, we plan to give a consolidated article on the issue as a whole.
Keywords
Alexander the Great, Empire, Achaemenid Empire, satrapy, satrap, administration, Asia Minor.
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Abstract
The article observes the representation of the cult of the king by the coins of a number of rulers of the pre-Hellenism and Hellenism. The coin becomes one of the main means of propaganda of the royal cult after Alexander the Great, who created a new coin type, which was widely used in the subsequent time in coin typology, based on traditional motifs in the coinage of Amyntas III, Perdiccas III, and Philip II. While at the time of Alexander there was a religious ban on the lifetime image of the ruler on coins, then the Diadochi finally overcame it, expanding the practice of the Persian satraps and Lycian dynasts. The image of Alexander the Great became associated with the portrait of the king ruling at that time. Alexander was immortalized by the Hellenistic rulers, and his images became even more widespread than during his lifetime. The Diadochi turned the coin into a vivid means of promoting the cult of the ruler as a charismatic personality and glorifying his political and military achievements. The fusion of the image of the reigning ruler with Zeus, Hercules and other heroes and deities, accompanied by depictions of the attributes of deities, became widespread in the coinage of the Diadochi, who initially used the revered image of Alexander to legitimize the continuity of their power and emphasize its divine character. Gradually, the Hellenistic rulers replaced the image of Alexander on the coins with their own, while maintaining a common iconography. However, subsequently the idealized style of the portrait of the ruler on the coins replaced the realistic style, which made the propaganda of the cult of the king and his successes even more effective.
Keywords
Pre-Hellenism, Hellenism, coinage, royal cult, coins, Alexander the Great, Diadochi.
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Abstract
The author analyses a new type of reverse of the Panticapaean hemiobols dated back to the mid-5th century BC. Due to the diligent work of the curators of the web-site Catalogue-Archive “The Coins of Bosporus” (http://bosporan-kingdom.com) it got possible to find out that some variations of the coin type existed and to investigate the gradual evolution of the earliest version.
Keywords
ancient numismatics, Cimmerian Bosporus, Panticapaeum, coinage, coin type, hemiobols.
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Abstract
The image of Phillip’s II military system in Demosthenes’ speeches is under consideration in this article. It’s identifi ed that the Athenian orator showed mercenaries as an important part of Macedonian army and emphasized difference between king and soldiers’ interests and showed that the practice of using hoplites was absent. Demosthenes was reasonable to note that Macedonian army was constantly prepared conduct military operations, active use of light infantry and cavalry, developed siegecraft. Demosthenes called the main properties of Philip as a military and political fi gure cunning, purposefulness and dedication, highlights the positive consequences of having all the levers of control of the army and the state in the hands of the monarch. In this way the image was formed which connected the frank speculation and real facts, largely distorted due to Demosthenes’ desire to expose Philip as a dangerous, but at the same time vulnerable opponent. The Athenian politician did not consider the main consequences of creation Macedonian professional troops and showed the armed forces of Philip as a typical Greek polis citizens’ militia which was not interested in frequent military campaigns, and the king himself – isolated from society and surrounded by mercenary’s tyrant. Demosthenes ignored the presence of the Macedonian phalanx to show it less dangerous in fi eld battles. The orator explained Philip’s successes by the passivity and disunity of the Athenian civil collective, as well as the activities of traitors, which was designed not only to persuade the Athenians to take decisive action, but also to turn public opinion against Demosthenes’ political opponents. Besides that, the orator used to his advantage idealistic ideas about agonal war characteristic of the Greek public consciousness according to which the only decent way of conducting military operations was considered an open battle of hoplite phalanxes. This made it possible to characterize Philip’s victories as dishonest and to form the Athenians’ belief in the possibility of defeating the Macedonians in a war taking place according to traditional principles for Greece. The negative consequence of the construct formed by Demosthenes was a dangerous underestimation of the real capabilities of the enemy.
Keywords
Demosthenes, Philip II, Macedonia, Athens, warfare, mercenaries, hoplites.
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Abstract
The paper is an overview of the key problems of the study of the Seleucid royal weights. Such weights, unlike those ones belonging to individuals and city magistrates, were produced and intended for royal offi cials, which is a key feature of this category of sources. Analysis of metrology and iconography of royal balance weights allows us to expand our knowledge of the Hellenistic royal economy, as well as to study the features of the royal ideology integrating into research such an extraordinary iconographic material. At the moment, 19 royal Seleucid balance weights are known, most of which belong to the late Seleucids. The basis of the weight system was the royal mina. Metrological analysis shows that in the end of second century BC there was a change in the weight standard associated with an increase in the weight of the mina. In the legend of several weights, agoranomos is mentioned, who could be in charge of some operations related to the supply of commodities from the royal domain. The analysis of iconography reveals that the anchor was the most common motif of the image on the weights, which is almost not typical for coins. Nevertheless, the images of some weights fi nd complete analogies in the coinage. Thus, the images of the cornucopia are well known on the coins of Demetrius I, and the image of helmet on the coins of Tryphon. On the contrary, the depiction of an advancing Nike on the weight of Antiochus IV fi nds only analogies on rare issues of bronze coins. It is important to note that all known balance weights are believed to be produced and used in the region of the Syrian Tetrapolis, which demonstrates a local metrological and iconographic tradition.
Keywords
Weights, Seleucids, Hellenism, iconography, numismatics.
Smirnov, S.V. Tsarskie vesovye giri gosudarstva Selevkidov [Seleucid royal balance weights]. In Dvadtsat pervaya Vserossyiskaya numismaticheskaya konferentsia. Tver, 24–29 maya 2021 g. Tezisy dokladov i soobshcheniy [Twenty fi rst all-Russian numismatic conference. Tver, May 24–29, 2021. Abstracts of papers and reports]. Tver, 17–20.
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Aperghis, G. 2004: The Royal Seleukid Economy. Cambridge.
Bopearachchi, O. 1993: Monnaies Gréco-Bactiennes et Indo-Greques. Paris.
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Weiß, P., Ehling, K. 2007: Marktgewichte im Namen seleukidischer Könige II. Chiron 37, 495–500.
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Abstract
In 2020–2021, the remains of a huge wall were uncovered in vicinity of large ancient settlement of the 4th –1st centuries BC, located in the southern part of Chokrak Lake in the cliff at the western slope of the cape Yuzny. The wall had width up to 2,4 m and was traced towards the lake for at least 32 m, and most likely more. Due to few accompanying artefacts, time of its construction can be related to the beginning of the third century BC. Apparently, a similar wall existed on the eastern slope of this cape. Obviously, there were a continuation of this fortifications at the settlement on the lower terraces of the cape, which now are almost completely flooded by the lake. Less likely that both walls were somehow related with the salt and therapeutic mud extraction in antiquity. At the same time, an “anomaly” was recorded in the stratigraphy of the western excavation. It can be explained only by a temporary significant (up to 2 m) lake level rise, probably at early medieval period. In any case, this is a significant reason for further paleogeographic and archaeological research of water level dynamics and the Sea of Azov coastal history in the antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Keywords
Crimean Azov region, archaeology, paleoecology, narrative sources, Chokrak Lake, construction remains, chronology.
del Carpini, G. da Pian, 1957: Istoria Mongolov [History of the Mongols]. In Puteshestvie v vostochnye strany Plano Karpini i Rubruka [Travels to the Eastern Countries of Plano Carpini and Rubruk]. Moscow.
Dikarev, V.A. 2014: Rekonstruktsiya paleorel’efa bukhty Shirokaya (Kerchenskiy p-ov) i antichnogo poseleniya General’skoe Zapadnoe [Reconstruction of the paleorelief of the Shirokaya Bay (Kerch Peninsula) and the ancient settlement of Generalskoye Zapadnoe]. In A.P. Derevyanko, N.A. Makarov, A.G. Sitdikov (eds.), Trudy IV (XX) Vserossiyskogo arkheologicheskogo s’ezda v Kazani [Proceedings of the IV (XX) All-Russian Archaeological Congress in Kazan.]. Vol. 4. Kazan, 314–317.
Dikarev, V.A. 2021: Evolyutsiya ozera Chokrak (Kerchenskiy poluostrov) v pozdnem golocene [Evolution of Lake Chokrak (Kerch Peninsula) in the Late Holocene]. In Materialy 6 Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii “Innovatsii v geologii, geofizike i geografii–2021” [Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific and Practical Conference “Innovations in Geology, Geophysics and Geography-2021”]. Moscow, 88–89.
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Nikonov, A.A. 1998: Zatoplennye ostatki antichnykh sooruzheniy po beregam Bospora Kimmeriyskogo (v svyazi s problemoy izmeneniya urovnya morya) [Submerged remains of ancient structures along the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus (in connection with the problem of sea level changes)]. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya [Russian Archaeology] 3, 57–66.
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Abstract
Tyche is a goddess of fate, good luck, whose cult was popular in the Hellenistic and the Roman periods. There were her hypostases, personifying the “happiness” of a ruler. The article is devoted to the personifi cation of the “happiness“ of king Seleucus II, mentioned in the oath of the Magnesian katoikoi (OGIS 229. II). The article analyzed the available evidence of the existence of the royal Tyche in the Hellenistic world to clarify the image of the deity in the ideology of the Seleucid dynasty. The author suggests that the role of the royal “happiness“ in the ideology of the Seleucids was insignifi cant. It is concluded that the “happiness of king Seleucus” should be seen not as a “personal genius”, but as a royal deity, having a close connection with the ruler. The emergence of the Seleucid Tyсhe can be seen as the development of the oath ritual in the Hellenistic period and a manifestation of interest to the goddess not only on the part of the monarchy, but also of its subjects.
Keywords
Tyche, Seleucus II, oath, katoikoi, Seleucid.
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Abstract
In 2021, a limestone slab with an epitaph, which was located under the leveling layer of the late citadel, was discovered at the Artesian Settlement, Trench III. It was found to the west of the facade of Tower 2 and was moved from the necropolis immediately after the destruction of the Early Citadel during the Bosporan-Roman War in AD 44/45–49. The slab is broken off at the ends, buried in clay soil face down, lies strictly horizontally. Most likely, this is the middle part of the tomb stele, whether there was a relief is unknown. Three lines of the text of the epitaph have been preserved on the front side. The neatly carved letters of the inscription are legible, but the text has suffered significant losses. This epitaph adds new Greek and barbarian names to the anthroponymy of the military settlers of the early citadel.
Keywords
Kingdom of the Bosporus, settlement Artesian, epitaph, 1st century AD.
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Vinokurov, N.I. 2010a: Bosporo-rimskaya voina 44/45–49 gg. i gibel ranney tsitadeli gorodişa Artezian (po materialam raskopok 2004–2008 gg.) [The Bosporan-Roman War of AD 44/45- 49 and the death of the early citadel of the Artesian settlement (based on the materials of excavations in 2004-2008)]. In ΣΥΜΒΟΛΑ. Antichnyi mir Severnogo Prichernomorıa. Noveişie otkrytiıa i nakhodki, I [ΣΥΜΒΟΛΑ. The Ancient World of the Northern Black Sea region. The recent discoveries and finds, I]. Moscow–Kiev, 38–44.
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Abstract
The paper examines the state support of war-orphans at Athens. Its connection with the development of Athenian democracy suggests itself, although some ancient authors say that public care for various categories of the population in need of protection and assistance was an old Athenian tradition, the origins of which went back to the Archaic era. It is possible that some kind of state charity in relation to some vulnerable social strata did exist during the time of Solon and Peisistratus, but it was of a random and selective nature. We can only speculate about the time of appearance at Athens public aid to the orphans of war-dead, but by the time of Pericles’ funeral oration, it was already an established practice. The sources defi nitely indicate that the care of orphans continued until they reached adulthood, and on coming of age the orphans at Athens and some other Greek cities were supplied with panoplies (a suit of armor) at the state expense. Some scholars, referring to Aeschines (III. 154–155), believe that after the middle of the 4th century B.C. the program of public support for orphans was curtailed, but this conclusion seems too radical to us. The article touches upon the plot related to the decree and the trial of Theozotides and rejects S. Pomeroy’s hypothesis that girls could also be mentioned in the Theozotides’ psephisma, following the example of the Thasos and Rhodes decrees granting dowries at the expense of the state to unmarried daughters of those who died in battles. The conclusion is made: we have no evidence that public support in Athens was provided to all orphans, our sources unequivocally point specifi cally to boys whose fathers died fi ghting for the state; charity at the public expense in relation to the daughters of certain prominent Athenians was of an isolated and accidental nature. However, given the numerous wars that Athens waged in the 5th century BC, a signifi cant number of Athenian fatherless children felt the care of the polis.
Keywords
Ancient Greece, Athens, orphans, state support, panoply, Lysias, Theozotides, trial.
Baudrillart A. 1873: Orphanistai. In C. Daremberg et E. Saglio (éds.), Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines. T. 4. 1. Paris, 240–241.
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Abstract
The article analyzes the life and work of the Νeoplatonic philosopher Agapius, who lived in the second half of the fi fth to the beginning of the sixth century and who foundered his own school of philosophy in Constantinople. Agapius was the last student of the famous Neoplatonist Proclus Diadochus. His biography and scientifi c activities are reconstructed based on the reports of Damascius according to the “Suda”, as well as the writings of the early Byzantine antiquarian author of the fi rst half of the sixth century, John Lydian, who was the only accurately known student of Agapius. At the same time, Ioan Lydus himself later began to teach at the Constantinople school. Apart from Lydus, Agapius may have had another pupil, the poet Christodorus of Coptos. Agapius himself was distinguished by an extraordinary encyclopedism, being a physician and philosopher, as well as engaged in grammar, rhetoric and philological studies. He was a follower of paganism, becoming a victim of anti-pagan repressions in Alexandria at the end of the fi fth century, which forced him to move to Constantinople. Agapius came from Alexandria and joined to the Alexandrian intellectual circles. In Constantinople, Agapius founded his own school, probably reproducing the traditions of the iatrosophistic schools of Alexandria, which, according to Damascius, was prosperous. Education at the school was paid and very expensive. The school of Agapius in Constantinople became an important link in the continuum of Antiquity in the early Byzantine era. Agapius’ excellent erudition and competence in all fi elds of knowledge, both natural and medical, as well as in philosophy, grammar and rhetoric, allowed his school to become very popular in Constantinople.
Keywords
Agapius, Late Antique Neoplatonism, early Byzantine Empire, Damascius, John Lydus.
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Abstract
The Akkadian text called “Chronicle of Early Kings” (the British Museum) is known by copies of the 1st millennium BC. It describes the events of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. So, there is a discussion regarding the historicity of the events it described, whether they are true or they are just a compilation of interesting stories written by an author of the 1st millennium BC. Stories of the “Chronicle of Early Kings” are not connected by the author into a single plot, so there is another discussion, concerning the purpose of creating this text. One of the stories of “Chronicle of Early Kings” tells us about Sargon the Great, who built a copy of Babylon and was punished for it by the god Marduk. The purpose of this study is to identify possible parallels to the story about a copy of Babylon in the history of the 1st millennium BC. A conclusion is reached that this story was a reaction of a Babylonian scribe to the project of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (7th century BC) to restore the city of Akkad, the former capital of the Old Akkadian У. The image of Sargon the Great was used by the Assyrian royal propaganda, so it was important for Babylonians to create a negative point of view on this ruler. Thus, it is another argument in favor of the opinion that “Chronicle of Early Kings” shows the reaction of Babylonians to the events of the 1st millennium BC.
Keywords
“Chronicle of Early Kings”, Sargon the Great, Babylonian chronicles, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Esarhaddon, Akkad, Babylon, substitute rites.
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Abstract
Abstract. In the North Pontic region there were found bronze oinochoes of the first centuries AD of the four types: Tassinari D1110, Rondsen (Eggers 124 / Nuber D or Hagenow / Tassinari D2111a-c-2112), Tassinari D2120 and Stangerup (Eggers 125 / Nuber E or Millingen / Tassinari D2300), which vary in the shape, proportions and size of the body, the shape and decoration of the handles, 14 vessels in total. Separate attributions of oinochoes, published so far, have been reasoned revised in this work. In addition to the distribution of oinochoes by type, the peculiar features of the design of handles and attachments are considered and parallels are given to them among the finds from the territory of the Roman Empire and the European Barbaricum. Oinochoes originate from burials dating from the first half of the 1st to the middle of the 3rd century AD. In Dnieper region and in Asian Sarmatia finds of oinochoes are extremely rare. More often they were found in the Bosporan Kingdom, burial grounds of the local population of the South-Western Crimea, and especially in the Maiotian burial-grounds of the Kuban region. For the territory of the Roman Empire, the Central European Barbaricum and Thrace, a combination of patera and oinochoe in the same complexes is evident, clearly forming sets (such as Hagenau, Millingen, etc.). In the North Pontic region, the combination of patera and oinochoe in complexes is noted only in five cases – in the burial grounds of the South-Western Crimea (two complexes of the Ust-Alma burial ground), the Bosporus (the necropolis of Pantikapaion, Tsemdolina near Novorossiysk) and one of the Maiotian burials of the Kuban region. In Sarmatia, the combination of oinochoe and patera in complexes is not traced. Oinochoes of the Millingen type (Eggers 125 / Tassinari D2300) predominate quantitatively, representing half of the finds (7 specimens), rarer (4 specimens) are found the oinochoes of the Hagenow type (Eggers 124 / Nuber D / Tassinari D2111a–c–2112). Oinochoes of types Tassinari D1110 (2 specimens) and D2120 (1 specimen) are even more rare.
Keywords
Roman bronze vessels, oinochoes, Roman imports, Roman Empire, North Pontic area, South-Western Crimea, Bosporan Kingdom, Maiotian burials of the Kuban region, Sarmatia.
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Abstract
The article deals with the problem of concepts’ changing of early Greek tyranny in the Russian historiography. On the basis of the analysis of the 19th and 20th centuries works, the author comes to the following conclusions. First conception of early Greek tyranny was formed in the works of 19th century scientists and kept its scientifi c relevance till the middle of the 20th century. Within the framework of this concept the tyranny was characterized as a stage of formation of Greek democracy. As a result of struggle for political power between nobility and demos a tyrant, supported by masses, becomes head of polis. This tyrant carries out a series of measures aimed at the development of crafts, trade and support of the small peasantry. The fall of the tyranny was assessed in different ways. In pre-revolutionary historiography the overthrow of tyrants was explained by their personal qualities. In Soviet studies, however, became fi rmly established the viewpoint that the demos did not need tyrants after the aristocracy had been weakened. In the 1960s, an alternative conception began to take shape. In this concept, tyranny is seen as a result of a struggle between aristocratic groups. The policy of the tyrant is interpreted as a set of measures aimed at legitimizing personal power. Tyranny does not refl ect the interests of the demos, but has to reckon with them. This transition is connected with changes in world and domestic historiography, since in the 1960s-1970s a new conception of the socio-economic and political essence of archaic Greece was gradually established. Nevertheless, in modern Russian historiography we can fi nd supporters of both the updated and improved concept of democratic tyranny and those researchers who see tyrants as only a particular manifestation of aristocratic conflicts of archaic times.
Keywords
Historiography, Archaic Greece, polis, Early Greek tyranny, Athens, Peisistratus.
Bauer, V.V. 1863: Epokha drevney tiranii v Gretsii [The Age of Ancient Tyranny in Greece]. Saint Petersburg.
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Zhestokanov, S.M. 2010: Rannyaya tiraniya i stanovlenie demokratii v drevney Gretsii [Early Tyranny and the Formation of Democracy in Ancient Greece]. In E.D. Frolov (ed.), Problemy antichnoy demokratii [Problems of ancient democracy]. Saint Petersburg, 25–50.
Zel’in, K.K. 1962: Olimpioniki i tirany [Olympic Champions and Tyrants]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 21–29.
Zel’in, K.K. 1964: Bor’ba politicheskikh gruppirovok v Attike v VI v. do n.e. [The Struggle of Political Factions in Attica in the 6th century BC]. Moscow.
Kobylina, M.M. Milet [Miletus]. Moscow.
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Krikh, S.B. 2013: Obraz drevnosti v sovetskoy istoriografi i [The Image of Antiquity in Soviet Historiography]. Moscow.
Lapteva, M.Yu. 2009: U istokov drevnegrecheskoy tsivilizatsii: Ioniya v XI–VI vv. do n.e. [At sources of an Ancient Greek civilization: Ionia in 11th–6th centuries BC]. Saint Petersburg.
Latyshev, V.V. 1997: Ocherk grecheskikh drevnostey. Chast’ 1. Gosudarstvennye i voennye drevnosti [An Essay on Greek Antiquities. Part 1. State and Military Antiquities]. Saint Petersburg.
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Makarov, I.A. 1995: Tiraniya I Del’fy v ramkakh politicheskoy istorii Gretsii vtoroy poloviny VII–VI vv. do n.e. [Tyranny and Delphi within the Framework of the Political History of Greece of the Second Half of the 7th–6th c. B.C.] Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 117–131.
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Novikova, T.F. 1965: Rannegrecheskaya tiraniya na Korinfskom peresheyke [Early Greek Tyranny on the Isthmus of Corinth]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 112–126.
Pilenkova, T.F. 1975: Rannegrecheskaya tiraniya na Samose [Early Greek tyranny in Samos]. In.: Ya.V. Zaytsev (ed.), Problemy sotsialno-politicheskoy istorii antichnosti i srednevekov’ya [Problems of the Social and Political History of Antiquity and the Middle Ages]. Vol. 1. Ufa, 3–25.
Sergeev, V.S. 1963: Istoriya Drevney Gretsii [The History of Ancient Greece]. Moscow.
Solov’yeva, S.S. 1964: Rannegrecheskaya tiraniya [Early Greek tyranny]. Moscow.
Strogetskiy, V.M. 2015: Fukidid o vozniknovenii tiranii v Drevney Gretsii, ob osobennostyakh afinskoy tiranii Pisistratidov i zagovore Garmodiya i Aristogitona [Thucydides about Rising of Tyranny in Ancient Greece, Character of the Peisistratid Tyranny at Athens and the Plot of Harmodius and Aristogeiton]. In E.D. Frolov (ed.), Mnemon: Issledovaniya i publikatsii po istorii antichnogo mira [Mnemon: Investigation and Publication on the History of Ancient World]. Vol. 15. Saint Petersburg, 34–48.
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Frolov, E.D. 2004b: Rozhdenie grecheskogo polisa [The birth of the Greek polis]. Saint Petersburg. Khvostov, M.M. 2007: Istoriya Gretsii [The History of Greece]. Moscow.
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Abstract
In the paper Russian pre-revolutionary (before 1917) historiography of Hasmonean state (167–63 BC) is considered. Author distinguishes four categories (groups) of such works: 1) “theological” group, 2) works by researches connected neither with theology, nor with Judaic studies, 3) studies made by scientists who were a part of Jewish tradition, 4) group of researches made by foreign scientist of ancient Jews, whose works were translated into Russian. The fi rst group has been the focus of attention by author, marked as “theological” as it includes researchers with theological education, were working in Orthodox Theological Seminaries and were studying Jewish history through the theology (S.A. Ternovsky, I.G. Troitsky, I.Ya. Bogoyavlensky and others). The key feature of this group is uncritical comprehension of the historical sources by authors (fi rst and foremost the Old Testament and the New Testament), lack of clear boundaries between epochs in description of history of the ancient Jews. Last but not least their major interest lay in the history of Sanhedrin and popular assembly but not in the political history of the Hasmonean State. Author concludes that researchers of the “theological” group sporadically appealed to the history of the Hasmonean State and use it as a background to the other historical events. The reasons of this are: 1) These scholars in their studies relied on the Old Testament and the New Testament where the Hasmoneans are not presented; 2) They seen the Hasmoneans as “unclassical Jews” due to their Hellenistic context; 3) They conceived the Hasmonean period as a period of one of the dependance of the Jewish people (Greek and then Roman). It is for these reasons that the history of the Hasmoeans was not as important for them so that became a part of special study.
Keywords
Hasmonean State, Historiography, Hellenism, Judaica Studies, Josephus Flavius, Palestine, Judea, Maccabees.
Arfaksadov, F. 1903: Ierusalimskiy sinedrion. Istoriko–arkheologieskoe issledovanie [Jerusalem Sanhedrin. Historical archaeological research]. Kazan.
Bogorodskiy, Ya.A. 1884: Evreyskie tsari [The Jewish kings]. Kazan.
Bogorodskiy, Ya.A. 1906: Evreyskie tsari [The Jewish kings].2nd ed. Kazan.
Bogoyavlenskiy, I.Ya. 1915: Znachenie Ierusalimskogo khrama v Vetkhozavetnoy Istorii evreyskogo naroda [The meaning of Jerusalem Temple in the Old Testament history of Jewish people]. Petrograd.
Bratkin, D.A. 2018: D.A. Khvol’son kak sudebnyy ekspert i uchenik Avraama Geygera: tri syuzheta iz nauchnoy biografi i [D.A. Chwolson as an expert witness and student of Abraham Geiger: three chapters from a scientifi c biography]. Gosudarstvo, religiya, tserkov’ v Rossii i za rubezhom [State, religion and church in Russia and worldwide] 1, 107–124.
Butkevich, T.I. 1887: Yazychestvo i iudeystvo ko vremeni zemnoy zhizni gospoda nashego Iisusa Khrista [Paganism and Judaism by the time of earthly life of our Lord Jesus Christ]. Kharkov.
Chertok, Ya.L. 1897: Intrigi dvora Iroda [Intrigues of Herod’s court]. Odessa.
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Chwolson, D.A. 1875: O vliyanii geografi cheskogo polozheniya Palestiny na sud’by evreyskogo naroda [On the infl uence of Palestine geographical location on fate of Jewish people]. Khristianskoe chtenie [Christian reading] 3, 157–205.
Chwolson, D.A. 1911: Saddukei i farisei [Sadducees and pharisees]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya. Novaya seriya [Journal of Ministry of National Education. New series] 31, 277–283.
Dubnov, S.M. 1904: Vseobshchaya istoriya evreev na osnovanii noveyshikh nauchnykh izsledovaniy [Universal history of Jews based on newest scientifi c researches]: in 3 vols. Vol. 1. In: Drevnyaya istoriya ot Vavilonskago pleneniya do razrusheniya iudeyskago gosudarstva rimlyanami [Ancient history from Babylonian exile to the destruction of Jewsih state by Romans]. Saint Petersburg.
Farrar, F.W. 1885: Zhizn’ Iisusa Khrista [Life of Jesus Christ]. Saint Petersburg.
Farrar, F.W. 1901: Irody, glavnye predstaviteli ikh dinastii i podrobnosti iz zhizni kazhdogo iz nikh [The Herods. The main representatives of their dynasty and details from the life of each of them]. Petrograd.
Gessen, Yu. I. 1901: Iuda Makkavey. Istoricheskiy ocherk [Judah Maccabee. A historical essay]. Saint Petersburg.
Hertz, H. 1905: Istoriya evreev ot drevneyshikh vremen do nastoyashchego [History of Jews from ancient times to present]: in 12 vols. Vol. 4. In: Epokha Makkaveev i Irodian: poslednie gody Ierusalima [The epoch of Maccabees and Herodians: last years of Jerusalem]. Saint Petersburg.
Khashkes, M.Ya. Mibikhov, M.Ya. (pseud). 1901: Istoriya evreyskogo naroda. Ot Vavilonskogo pleneniya do pervoy epokhi tanaev [History of Jewish people from Babylonian exile to fi rst epoch of Tannaim]. Saint Petersburg.
Kholtzmann, O. 1899: Padenie Iudeyskogo gosudarstva [The fall of Jewish state]. Moscow.
Krikh, S. B. 2020: Proshchanie s predaniem: ratsionalizatsiya bibleyskoy istorii v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii [Farewell to Tradition: Rationalism of the Biblical Studies in the Later Russian Empire]. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya Istoricheskie nauki [Herald of Omsk University. Series Historical studies] 4 (28), 69–74.
Mirolyubov, A.P. 1898: Byt evreyskikh tsarey. Opyt bibleysko-arkheologicheskogo issledovaniya [The life of the Jewish kings. Experience of Biblical archaeological research]. Kazan.
Nikol’skiy, N.M. 1901: Iudei pri Makkaveyakh i Asmoneyakh [Jews under Maccabees and Hasmoneans]. In: Pomoshch’ evreyam postradavshim ot neurozhaya. Literaturno- Khudozhestvennyy sbornik [Support of Jews suffered by crop failure. Literal and art compendium]. Saint Petersburg, 407–425.
Nikol’skiy, N.M. 1911: Drevniy Izrail’. Populyarnye ocherki po istorii evreev v nauchnom osveshchenii [Ancient Israel. Popular essays on the history of Jews in scientifi c coverage]. Moscow.
Pokrovskiy, F.Ya. 1885: Razdelenie evreyskogo tsarstva na tsarstva Iudeyskoe i Izrail’skoe [Division of the Jewish kingdom into the kingdoms of Judea and Israel]. Kiev.
Reed, A.C. 2014: For One’s Brothers: Daniil Avraamovich Khvol’son and the “Jewish Question” in Russia 1819-1911: PhD diss. Arizona State University. Tempe.
Renan, E. 1908: Istoriya izrail’skogo naroda [History of the people of Israel]: in 5 vols. Vol. 1. In: S.M. Dubnov (ed.), Iudei pod persidskim vladychestvom. Evrei pod grecheskim vladychestvom [Jews under Persians rule. Jews under Greeks rule]. Saint Petersburg.
Renan, E. 1912: Istoriya izrail’skogo naroda [History of the people of Israel]: in 5 vols. Vol. 2. In: S.G. Losinskiy, I.Z. Berlin (eds.), Iudeyskaya avtonomii. Iudeyskiy narod pod rimskim vladychestvom [Judaea autonomy. Jewish people under Roman rule]. Saint Petersburg.
Ternovskiy, S.A. 1900a: Bibleyskaya starina: Zanyatiya zhiteley Palestiny [Biblical antiquity: The occupations of Palestine inhabitants]. In: Chteniya o Svyatoy Zemle: 57-e chtenie [Readings about Holy Land: 57th reading]. Saint Petersburg.
Ternovskiy, S.A. 1900b: Bibleyskaya starina: Zemlya obetovannaya [Biblical antiquity: The Promised Land]. In: Chteniya o Svyatoy Zemle: 56-e chtenie [Readings about Holy Land: 56th reading]. Saint Petersburg.
Ternovskiy, S.A. 1900c: Bibleyskaya starina: Pishcha, zhilishcha i odezhda zhiteley Palestiny [Biblical antiquity: food, dwellings and clothing of the Palestine inhabitants]. In: Chteniya o Svyatoy Zemle: 58-e chtenie [Readings about Holy Land: 58th reading]. Saint Petersburg.
Ternovskiy, S.A. 1900d: Bibleyskaya starina: Semeynyy byt evreev [Biblical antiquity: family life of Jews]. In: Chteniya o Svyatoy Zemle: 59-e chtenie [Readings about Holy Land: 59th reading]. Saint Petersburg.
Troitskiy, I.G. 1913: Bibleyskaya arkheologiya [Biblical Archaeology]. Saint Petersburg.
Tyumenev, A.I. 1922: Evrei v drevnosti i v Srednie veka [Jews in ancient and medieval centuries]. Saint Petersburg.
Wellhausen, J. 1909: Vvedenie v istoriyu Izrailya [An introduction to the history of Israel]. Saint Petersburg.
Yakerson, S.M. 2018: Khvol’son Daniil Avraamovich [Chwolson Daniel Abramovich]. In: I.F. Popova (ed.), Aziatskiy Muzey – Institut vostochnykh rukopisey RAN: putevoditel’ [The Asiatic Museum – Institute of oriental manuscripts of RAS: guidebook]. Moscow.
Zaytsev, N.L. 1869: Ocherki byta drevnikh evreev. Posobie k iz’’yasneniyu sv. Pisaniya [Essays on the life of the ancient Jews. Handbook for explanation of Holy Scripture]. Kiev.
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Abstract
The article author focuses on the history of the study of the settlements of the Golden Horde in the central part of the Saratov Volga region. There are three stages in the history of the study of settlements: the fi rst one, from the end of the 19th century until the 1930s; the second one, from the 1940s until 1980s; the third one, from the beginning of the 1990s to the present day, is associated with large-scale exploration and excavation of several settlements. In the fi rst period, there is interest in the study of the Golden Horde antiquities of the Lower Volga region, the members of the Saratov Scientifi c Archival Commission for the fi rst time carried out surveys of the Golden Horde settlements. The fi rst systematic exploration in the Saratov Volga region is associated with the name of P.S. Rykov, in the 1920s the fi rst attempts of generalizing works on the monuments of the Lower Volga region appeared, including some descriptions of some of the Golden Horde settlements. The second period is characterized by the intensifi cation of archaeological research, several Golden Horde settlements were discovered, some of them were excavated, archaeologists carried out surveys of monuments and collection of found material. The largest scale of research of the Golden Horde settlements, including excavations, has reached in the last 30 years. During this time, a signifi cant amount of material has been accumulated that characterizes the material culture of the Golden Horde settlements. Several unknown Golden Horde settlements were discovered, archaeologists examined monuments, collected found material, and some settlements were excavated. Analysis of the available references revealed a lack of special large publications devoted to settlements. The article presents brief results of the work of the archaeological expedition of Kazan University under the leadership of L.F. Nedashkovsky, who conducted research on exploration and excavation of settlements in the vicinity of the Golden Horde city of Ukek. To date, most of the materials from the excavations of fi ve settlements have been published: Hmelevka I, Shiroky Buerak, Bagaevka, Kolotov Buerak, Konstantinovskoe.
Keywords
Archaeology, settlements, Golden Horde, Lower Volga region, Saratov Volga region, exploration, excavations, monuments, cultural layer, fi nds of the Golden Horde time, Jochid coins.
Ballod, F.V. 1923: Privolzhskie “Pompei” [Volga “Pompeii”]. Moscow–Petrograd.
Barinov, D.G. 1997: Zolotoordynskoe poselenie u poselka Shumeyka [Golden Horde settlement near the village of Shumeyka]. In: A.I. Yudin (ed.), Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Saratovskogo kraya. Okhrana i issledovaniya v 1996 g [Archaeological heritage of the Saratov region. Conservation and research in 1996]. 2. Saratov, 241–252.
Dremov, I.I. 1983: Razvedki v Saratovskoy oblasti [Intelligence in the Saratov region]. In Arkheologicheskie otkrytiya 1981 g [Archaeological discoveries in 1981]. Moscow, 145– 146.
Duhovnikov, F.V. 1894: Poezdka v selo Kvasnikovku [Drive to the village of Kvasnikovka]. In Izvestiya obshchestva arkheologii, istorii i etnografi i pri Kazanskom Universitete [Proceedings of the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography at Kazan University], XII.3. Kazan, 203–208.
Kasankin, G.I. 1997: Zhilishche XIV v. na zolotoordynskom poselenii u sela Podgornoe [Dwelling of the 14th century at the Golden Horde settlement near the village of Podgornoye]. In A.I. Yudin (ed.), Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Saratovskogo kraya. Okhrana i issledovaniya v 1996 g. [Archaeological heritage of the Saratov region. Conservation and research in 1996], 2. Saratov, 233–241.
Kocherzhenko, O.V., Malov, N.M. 1985: Raskopki v Saratovskom Zavolzh’e [Excavations in the Saratov Trans-Volga region]. In Arkheologicheskie otkrytiya 1983 g [Archaeological discoveries 1983]. Moscow, 155–156.
Krotkov, A.A., Shishkin, P.N. 1910: Gorodishche i kurgany bliz s. Kvasnikovki (Samarskoj gub.) [Settlement and mounds near the village Kvasnikovka (Samara province)] In Trudy Saratovskoy uchenoy arhivnoy komissii [Proceedings of the Saratov Scientifi c Archival Commission], 26. Saratov, 101–105.
Lopatin, V.A. 1997: Issledovanie Smelovskogo gruntovogo mogil’nika i poseleniya v urochishche “Martyshkino” [Investigation of the Smelovsky ground burial ground and settlement in the Martyshkino tract]. In A.I. Yudin (ed.), Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Saratovskogo kraya. Okhrana i issledovaniya v 1996 g. [Archaeological heritage of the Saratov region. Conservation and research in 1996], 2. Saratov, 56–62.
Lopatin, V.A., Malyshev, A.B. 2010: Kul’turno-khronologicheskie kompleksy poseleniya Martyshkino (materialy epokhi srednevekov’ya) [Cultural and Chronological Complexes of the Martyshkino Settlement (Materials of the Middle Ages)]. In: V.A. Lopatin (ed.), Arkheologiya Vostochno-Evropeyskoy stepi: Mezhvuzovskiy nauchnyy sbornik [Archaeology of the East European steppe: Interuniversity collection of scientifi c papers], 8. Saratov, 274–322.
Maksimov, E.K., Mironov, V.G. 1989: Polevye issledovaniya Saratovskogo universiteta v 1945–1984 gg. kak prodolzhenie Rykovskikh traditsiy [Field research at Saratov University in 1945–1984. as a continuation of the Rykov traditions]. In Arkheologiya Vostochno-Evropeyskoy stepi: Mezhvuz. nauch. Sbornik [Archaeology of the East European Steppe: Interuniversity scientifi c collection]. Saratov, 11–23.
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