Аннотация
Данная работа начинает цикл статей, посвященный антидемократическим переворотам в Афинах конца V в. до н.э. и их историческому значению (после них и в их результате изменился сам характер афинской демократии). Период, о котором идет речь, стал в истории афинского полиса временем большой нестабильности во внутриполитической жизни, и в статье нарастание этой нестабильности рассматривается в контексте Пелопоннесской войны. Обычно считается, что олигархическое движение в Афинах внезапно набрало силу лишь после Сицилийской экспедиции 415–413 гг. до н.э., завершившейся полной катастрофой. Однако в статье демонстрируется, что в действительности олигархические настроения нарастали постепенно и подспудно уже с периода Архидамовой войны, когда впервые наметилась тенденция к перерождению афинской радикальной демократии в охлократию, ведомую демагогами. Непродуманная политика этого режима порождала оппозицию, одним из характерных представителей которой был, в частности, Антифонт.
Ключевые слова
Классическая Греция, Афины, олигархия, демократия, перевороты, Пелопоннесская война, демагоги, Клеон, Фукидид, Антифонт, форос.
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