Abstract
The paper examines finds from the ඌanctuary of Demeter and Kore-Persephone, located on the cape in the central part of the Beregovoy 4 settlement (the Fontalovsky Peninsula), which are associated with the worship of Dionysus. There are few of them, but they are relatively diverse. These are images of the god himself (his masks), fragments of a terracotta statuette and a figurative vessel representing Dionysus or his companion Silenus, ceramic votives in the form of an attribute of the god: a bunch of grapes, and finally, three statuettes, one of which represents a half-naked boy in a “Dionysian wreath” playing with a dog, and two identical statuettes of seated girls who hold a bunch of grapes in one hand and hold a goose (duck) reaching for the fruit with the other hand. The article focuses on the analysis of the cult aspect of these off erings in the sanctuary of the Two Goddesses, as well as on the chronology of the objects under consideration. The author notes the relationship between the subjects and attributes found in the sanctuary and some burial traditions in the Bosporus during the Hellenistic period. It is noteworthy that the votive off erings, obviously associated with the cult of Dionysus in this sanctuary, are dated earlier than the 4th century BC, but mainly refer to the 2nd – first half of the 1st century BC. On this basis, it is concluded that in the previous period (late 6th – 5th centuries BC), the veneration of the many-faced god was carried out in the sanctuary in other, less obvious forms.
Keywords
Cimmerian Bosporus, sanctuary, Beregovoy 4 settlement, Demeter, Kore, Dionysus, terracotta, votives, figurines.
Aleksey А. Zavoykin
Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Belov, G.D. 1970: Terrakoty iz Khersonesa [Terracottas from Chersonesos]. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] G1–11/II. Moscow, 70–77.
Besques, S. 1972: Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite grecs, étrusques et romains. Vol. III: Époques hellénistique et romaine, Grèce et Asie Mineur. Paris.
Brumfield, A. 1997: Cakes in the Liknon. Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth. Hesperia 66.1, 147–172.
Burachkov, P.O. 1884: Obshchiy katalog monet, prinadlezhashchikh ellinskim koloniyam, sushche-stvovavshim v drevnosti na severnom beregu Chernogo morya, v predelakh nyneshney Yuzhnoy Rossii [General Catalogue of Coins Belonging to the Hellenic Colonies that Existed in Ancient Times on the Northern Shore of the Black Sea, within the Boundaries of Present-Day Southern Russia]. Pt. I. Odessa.
Burkert, V. 2004: Grecheskaya religiya. Arkhaika i klassika [Greek religion. Archaic and Classical]. Saint Petersburg.
Carpenter, T.H. 1986: Dionysian Imagery in Archaic Greek Art. Its Development in Black-figure Vase Painting. Oxford.
Denisova, V.I. 1981: Koroplastika Bospora (po materialam Tiritaki, Mirmekiya, Ilurata i sel’skoy usad’by) [Coroplastics of the Bosporus (Based on Materials from Tyritace, Myrmecium, Iluraton and a Rural Estate)]. Leningrad.
Dremsizova-Nelchinova, T.S., Toncheva, G. 1971: Antichni terrakoti ot B”lgariya [Antique Terracotta from Bulgaria]. Sofia.
Finogenova, S.I. 1990: Antichnyye terrakotovyye maski Severnogo Prichernomor’ya [Ancient Terracotta Masks of the Northern Black Sea Region]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 2, 189–203.
Finogenova, S.I. 1992: Terrakoty Pantikapeya iz raskopok poslednikh let [Terracottas of Panticapaeum from Recent Excavations]. Soobshcheniya gosudarstvennogo muzeya izobrazitel’nykh iskusstv [Communications of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts] 10, 237–256.
Frontisi-Ducroux, Fr. 1991: Le dieu-masque. Une figure du Dionysos d’Athènes. Paris–Rome.
Gertsiger, D.S. 1976: Chetyre figurnykh sosuda iz Ol’vii [Four figural vessels from Olbia]. In: Khudozhestvennaya kul’tu-ra i arkheologiya antichnogo mira. Sbornik. pamyati B.V. Farmakovskogo [Artistic Culture and Archaeology of the Ancient World. Collection in Memory of B.V. Farmakovsky]. Moscow, 85–93.
Gras, M. 1984: Kanthare: société étrusque et monde grec. Opus 3, 325–339.
Hedreen, G.M. 1992: Silens in the Attic Black-figure Vase-painting. Myth and Performance. Ann Arbor.
Hiller, H. 1975: Ionische Grabreliefs der ersten hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (IstMitt. Beiheft 12). Tübingen.
Ilyina, T.A., Muratova, M.B. 2002: Votivnyye terrakoty iz khrama na akropole Pantikapeya [Votive Terracottas from the Temple on the Acropolis of Panticapaeum]. In: III Bosporskiye chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriyskiy, Pont i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya [III Bosporan Readings. Cimmerian Bosporus, Pontus and the Barbarian World in Antiquity and the Middle Ages]. Kerch, 115–121.
Ivanov, V.V. 1994: Dionis i pradionisiystvo [Dionysus and Pre-Dionysianism]. Saint Petersburg.
Kerenyi, K. 1996: Pervichnyy mladenets v predvechnyye vremena [The Primordial Infant in the Eternal Times]. In: K.G. Yung. Dusha i mif: shest’ arkhetipov [Soul and Myth: Six Archetypes]. Kyiv, 38–85.
Keren’i, K. 2000: Elevsin: arkhetipicheskiy obraz materi i docheri [Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter]. Moscow.
Kerenyi, K. 2007: Dionis. Proobraz neissyakayemoy zhizni [Dionysus. Prototype of Inexhaustible Life]. Moscow.
Khrshanovskiy, V.A. 1996: Sobaka v pogrebal’nom obryade antichnogo Bospora [Dog in the Burial Rite of the Ancient Bosporus]. In: T.N. Dmitrieva, V.A. Khrshanovskiy (eds.), Zhivotnyye i rasteniya v miforitual’nykh sistemakh [Animals and Plants in Mythic and-Ritual Systems]. Saint Petersburg, 36–37.
Kobylina, M.M. 1961: Terrakotovyye statuetki Pantikapeya i Fanagorii [Terracotta Figurines of Panticapaeum and Phanagoria]. Moscow.
Korovina, A.K. 1974: Terrakoty Tiramby [Terracottas of Tyramba]. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] G1–11/IV. Moscow, 11–13.
Lissarrag, F. 2008: Vino v potoke obrazov. Estetika drevnegrecheskogo pira [Wine in the Stream of Image. Aesthetics of the Ancient Greek Feast]. Moscow.
Losev, A.F. 1957: Antichnaya mifologiya v yeye istoricheskom razvitii [Ancient Mythology in its Historical Development]. Moscow.
Maksimova, M.I. 1916: Antichnyye figurnyye vazy. I. Troya, Kipr, Kiklady, Krit. Geo-metricheskiy i arkhaicheskiy periody Gretsii [Ancient Figured Vases. I. Troy, Cyprus, Cyclades, Crete. The geometric and archaic periods of Greece]. Moscow.
Maslennikov, A.A. 1997: Dve terrakoty iz krymskogo Priazov’ya [Two terracottas from the Crimean Azov Region]. In: V.F. Meshcheryakov (ed.), Antichnyy mir. Vizantiya. K 70-letiyu prof. V.I. Kadeyeva [The Ancient World. Byzantium. On the 70th Anniversary of Prof. V.I. Kadeev]. Kharkiv, 130–140.
Maslennikov, A.A. 1999: Sel’skiye svyatilishcha antichnogo Bospora [Rural Sanctuaries of the Ancient Bosporus]. In: Bosporskiy fenomen: Grecheskaya kul’tura na periferii antichnogo mira [The Bosporan Phenomenon: Greek Culture on the Periphery of the Ancient World]. Saint Petersburg, 125–132.
Miroshina, T.V., Sazanov, A.V. 1990: Terrakoty iz nekropolya u pos. Kuchugury [Terracottas from the necropolis near the settlement of Kuchugury]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya instituta arkheologii [Brief Communications of Institute of Archaeology] 197, 73–78.
Moleva, N.V. 2002a: Sobaka v sakral’nom mirovozzrenii drevnikh grekov (po pamyatnikam vazopisi) [The Dog in the Sacred Worldview of the Ancient Greeks (Based on Vase Painting)]. In: Ye.A. Molev (ed.), Ocherki sakral’noy zhizni Bospora [Essays on the Sacred Life of the Bosporus]. Nizhniy Novgorod, 107–113.
Moleva, N.V. 2002b: Sobaka v religioznykh predstavleniyakh bosporyan [The Dog in the Religious Beliefs of the Bosporans]. In: Ye.A. Molev (ed.), Ocherki sakral’noy zhizni Bospora [Essays on the Sacred Life of the Bosporus]. Nizhniy Novgorod, 113–117.
Moleva, N.V. 2002c: Dionisiyskiye motivy v sakral’nykh kompleksakh Kiteya [Dionysian Motifs in the Sacred Complexes of Cytaeum]. In: Bosporskiy fenomen: Pogrebal’nyye pamyatniki i svyatilishcha [The Bosporan Phenomenon: Funeral Monuments and Sanctuaries]. Pt. I. Saint Petersburg, 151–154.
Moleva, N.V. 2006: Tandem «zayats – sobaka» v religioznom mirovozzrenii drevnikh grekov [The “Hare – Dog” Tandem in the Religious Worldview of the Ancient Greeks]. In: A.V. Makhlayuk (ed.), Problemy antikovedeniya i mediyevistiki [Problems of Classical and Medieval Studies] 2. Nizhniy Novgorod, 62–73.
Moleva, N.V., Khrshanovskiy, V.A. 1999: Sobaka v sakral’noy zhizni antichnogo Bospora [Dog in the Sacred Life of the Ancient Bosporus]. In: VI Chteniya pamyati prof. V.D. Blavatskogo. Tezisy dokladov [VIth Readings in Memory of Prof. V.D. Blavatsky. Abstracts of Papers]. Moscow, 79–80.
Nil’sson, M. 1998: Grecheskaya narodnaya religiya [Greek Folk Religion]. Saint Petersburg.
Pful, E., Möbius, H. 1977: Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs. Bd. I–II. Meinz am Rhein.
Pruglo, V.I. 1970: Statuetki iz Mirmekiya [Figurines from Myrmekion]. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] G1–11/II. Moscow, 94–100.
Robinson, D.M. 1952: Excavations at Olynthus. Pt. XIV. Terracottas, Lamps and Coins, Found in 1934 and 1938. Baltimore–London–Oxford.
Rusyayeva, A.S. 2005: Religiya pontiyskikh ellinov v antichnuyu epokhu. Mify. Svyatilishcha. Kul’ty olimpiyskikh bogov i geroyev [Religion of the Pontic Hellenes in the Ancient Era. Myths. Sanctuaries. Cults of the Olympic Gods and Heroes]. Kyiv.
Rybakova, A.A. 2002: Tema ognya v drevnegrecheskikh mifakh o bogomladentsakh [The Theme of Fire in Ancient Greek Myths about the God-Children]. In: A.V. Makhlayuk (ed.), Akra. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Acra. Collection of Scientific Papers]. Nizhniy Novgorod, 118–125.
Saprykin, S.Yu., Maslennikov, A.A. 1998: Lyudi i ikh bogi: religioznoye mirovozzreniye v Pontiyskom tsarstve [People and Their Gods: Religious Worldview in the Pontic Kingdom]. In: L.P. Marinovich (ed.), Chelovek i obshchestvo v antichnom mire [Man and Society in the Ancient World]. Moscow, 398–440.
Schauenburg, K. 1954: Pluton und Dionysos. JDAI (1953). Bd. 68, 38–72.
Selivanova, L.L. 1998: Apollonovy lebedi. (K semantike obraza v religioznykh pred-stavleniyakh antichnosti) [Apollo’s swans. (Towards the semantics of the image in religious representations of antiquity)]. In: L.P. Marinovich (ed.), Chelovek i obshchestvo v antichnom mire [Man and Society in the Ancient World]. Moscow, 363–397.
Shelov, D.B. 1987: Terrakoty i antichnaya kul’tura [Terracottas and Ancient Culture]. In: Tayny terrakoty. Antichnyye ter-rakotovyye statuetki iz muzeyev Krasnodarskogo kraya [Secrets of Terracotta. Ancient Terracotta Figurines from Museums of the Krasnodar Region]. Krasnodar, 37–52.
Shkorpil, V.V. 1904: Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh v g. Kerchi yego okrestnostyakh v 1902 godu [Report on Archaeological Excavations at Kerch and Environs in 1902]. Izvestiya arkheologicheskoy komissii [Proceedings of the Archaeological Commission] 9, 73–177.
Shkorpil, V.V. 1909: Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v1906 godu [Report on Excavations at Kerch in 1906]. Izvestiya arkheologicheskoy komissii [Proceedings of the Archaeological Commission] 30, 51–98.
Silant’yeva, P.F. 1974: Terrakoty Pantikapeya [Terracotta of Panticapaeum]. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] G1–11/III. Moscow, 5–37.
Skudnova, V.M. 1988: Arkhaicheskiy nekropol’ Ol’vii [Archaic Necropolis of Olbia]. Leningrad.
Sokolowski, F. 1955: Lois sacrées de l’Asie Mineure. Paris.
Sokolskiy, N.I. 1976: Tamanskiy tolos i rezidentsiya Khrisaliska [Taman Tholos and the Residence of Chrysalisk]. Moscow.
Sorokina, N.P. 1997: Religiya i koroplastika v antichnosti. (figurnyye sosudy iz sobraniya GIM) [Religion and Coroplasty in Antiquity. (Figured Vessels in the State Historical Museum] (Trudy Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya [Proceedings of the State Historical Museum] 91). Moscow.
Sudarev, N.I. 2010: Nekropoli i pogrebal’nyye obryady [Necropolises and Funeral Rites]. In: G.M. Bongard-Levin, V.D. Kuznetsov (eds.), Antichnoye naslediye Kubani [Ancient Heritage of Kuban] II. Moscow, 418–472.
Tolstikov, V.P., Vinogradov, Yu.G. 1999: Dekret Spartokidov iz dvortsovogo khrama na ak-ropole Pantikapeya [The Decree of the Spartocids from the Palace Temple on the Acropolis of Panticapaeum]. In: A.I. Melyukova (ed.), Yevraziyskiye drevnosti. 100 let B.N. Grakovu [Eurasian Antiquities. 100 Years of B.N. Grakov]. Moscow, 282–304.
Tsymburskiy, V.L. 2002: Imya Dionisa [The Name of Dionysus]. In: Colloquia classica et indogermanica III. Klassicheskaya filologiya i indoyevropeyskoye yazykoznaniye [Colloquia Classica et Indogermanica III. Classical Philology and Indo-European Linguistics]. Saint Petersburg, 141–166.
Tulpe, I.A. Khrshanovskiy, V.A. 2002: Sakral’noye pole nekropolya [The Sacred Field of the Necropolis]. In: Bosporskiy fenomen: Pogrebal’nyye pamyatniki i svyatilishcha [The Bosporan Phenomenon: Funeral Monuments and Sanctuaries]. Pt. I. Saint Petersburg, 161–167.
Usacheva, O.N. 1983: Terrakotovyye statuetki iz kurgana vblizi Kep [Terracotta Figurines from a Barrow near Kepoi]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii [Brief Communications of Institute of Archaeology] 174, 77–82.
Vermaseren, M.J. 1977: Cybele and Attis. The Myth and the Cult. London.
Vinokurov, N.I. 2002: Antichnyy sotsium: kul’t vina i vinograda [Ancient Society: the Cult of Wine and Grapes]. Bosporskiye issledovaniya [Bosporos Studies] II. Simferopol–Kerch, 27–86.
Zavoykin, A.A. 2003: Keramicheskiye votivy na svyatilishche «Beregovoy 4» [Ceramic Votives from the Sanctuary of Beregovoy 4]. In: IV Bosporskiye chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ye [IV Bosporus Readings. Cimmerian Bosporus and the Barbarian World in Antiquity and the Middle Ages]. Kerch, 93–99.
Zavoykin, A.A. 2006a: Svyatilishche Demetry i Kory na Fontalovskom poluostrove: prirodnaya sreda i sakral’naya topografiya [The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on the Fontalovsky Peninsula: Natural Environment and Sacred Topography]. Vestnik drevnrey istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 61–76.
Zavoykin, A.A. 2006b: Dva syuzheta v komplekse terrakoty na svyatilishche elevsinskikh bogin’ (Beregovoy 4) [Two Plots in the Terracotta Complex at the Sanctuary of the Eleusinian Goddesses (Beregovoy 4)]. In: D.V. Zhuravlev (ed.), Severnoye Prichernomor’ye v epokhu antichnosti i srednevekov’ya. Pamyati N.P. Sorokinoy [The Northern Black Sea Region in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In Memory of N.P. Sorokina] (Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo muzeya [Proceedings of the State Historical Museum] 159). Moscow, 158–168.
Zavoykin, A.A., Dobrovol’skaya, Ye.V. 2007: Bogi, lyudi, zhivotnyye i ptitsy v svyatilishche Demetry i Kory na Fontalovskom poluostrove [Gods, People, Animals, and Birds in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on the Fontalovsky Peninsula]. In: VIII Bosporskiye chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya [VIII Bosporan Readings. Cimmerian Bosporus and the Barbarian World in the Period of Antiquity and the Middle Ages]. Kerch, 117–125.
Zavoykin, A.A., Sudarev, N.I. 2009: Poseleniye i svyatilishche «Beregovoy 4». Itogi issle-dovaniy v 1999–2004 g. [Settlement and Sanctuary of “Beregovoy 4”. Results of Research in 1999– 2004]. In: N.A. Makarov (ed.), Arkheologicheskiye otkrytiya 1991–2004 gg. Yevropeyskaya Rossiya [Archaeological Discoveries of 1991–2004. European Russia]. Moscow, 174–189.