Abstract
The article discusses the problems of identifying, interpreting and comparing “military” and “trade” traces in barbarian burial complexes in the context of their potential for reconstructing the impact of military-political dynamics on the development of Greco-barbarian trade. The funerary complexes of the Kuban region and the interfl uves of the Volga and the Ural Rivers are considered. These are regions of the near and distant barbarian periphery of the Classical World, which had their own characteristics of both military-political history and trade contacts with the ancient world. The characteristic features of these regions of groups of archaeological “trade” and “military” evidence in the materials of funerary monuments are compared. The near periphery is characterized by a greater variety of material evidence reflecting changes in both trade and military-political dynamics. A review of the problems of refl ecting the dynamics of Greek-barbarian trade and military-political dynamics in the materials of burial complexes of the Kuban region and the interfl uve of the Volga and Ural Rivers shows the possibility of implementing common approaches to their study. At the same time, there are diff erences in the range of relevant material evidence, their informative capabilities and problems of this kind that are most relevant and accessible for study. These diff erences are associated with the peculiarities of the natural conditions of the regions, a set of characteristic economic and cultural types, the ethnic composition of the population, military-political history and the degree of intensity and nature of contacts with the ancient world and, as a consequence, the specifics of the source base.
Keywords
Greek-barbarian trade, military-political factors, burial complexes, Kuban region, interfl uve of the Volga and Ural Rivers, Maeotians, Sarmatians.
Berlizov, N.E. 2014: K voprosu o sushchestvovanii sirako-meotskogo plemennogo soyuza [On the existence of Siraco-Maeotian tribal alliance]. Kul’turnaya zhizn’ Yuga Rossii [Cultural Studies of Russian South] 2, 72–75.
Bezrukov A.V., Ulitin V.V. 2017: Osobennosti keramicheskogo importa u kochevnikov Prikuban’ya i Volgo-Kam’ya vo II v. do n.e. – II v. n.e. [Ceramic Import Peculiarities in the Nomadic Area of Kuban and the Volga-Kama Rivers Region in the 2nd c. BC to 2nd c. AD]. Stratum plus 3, 239–257.
Brashinskiy, I.B. 1984: Metody issledovaniya antichnoy torgovli (na primere Severnogo Prichernomor’ya) [Research Methods of Ancient Trade (on the Example of the Northern Black Sea Region)]. Leningrad.
Ivanov, A.V. 2020: Meotskiy mogil’nik “Furozhan” v Zapadnom Zakuban’e. [Maeotian Burial Mound “Furozhan” in the Western Trans-Kuban Region]. Krasnodar.
Kamenetskiy, I.S. 2011: Istoriya izucheniya meotov [History of the Maeotian Studies]. Moscow.
Kitov, E.P., Khokhlov, A.A. Ivanov S.S. 2019: Boevye travmy u rannikh kochevnikov “savromatosarmatskogo” oblika kak otrazhenie sotsial’no-politicheskoy obstanovki v stepnoy polose Evrazii v VI—II vv. do n. e. [Combat Injuries of the Early Nomads of the “Savromatian- Sarmatian” Appearance as a Refl ection of the Social and Political Situation in the Steppes of Eurasia in 6th—2nd cc. BC]. Stratum plus 3, 169–180.
Kropotov, V.V. 2010: Fibuly sarmatskoi epokhi [Fibulae of the Sarmatian Era]. Kiev.
Limberis, N.Yu., Marchenko, I.I. 2010: Sarmaty [The Sarmatians]. In: G.M. Bongard-Levin, V.D. Kuznetsov (eds.), Antichnoe Nasledie Kubani [Ancient Heritage of Kuban] 1. Moscow, 260–284.
Limberis, N.Yu., Marchenko, I.I. 2022: Konskaya uzda V–IV vv. do n.e. iz meotskikh gruntovykh mogil’nikov pravoberezh’ya Kubani [Horse bridle of the 5th–4th centuries BC from Maeotian burial grounds on the right bank of the Kuban]. In: M.S. Gadzhiev, V.R. Erlikh (eds.), Drevnie i srednevekovye kul’tury Kavkaza: otkrytiya, gipotezy, interpretatsii. XXXII Krupnovskie chteniya [Ancient and Medieval Cultures of the Caucasus: Discoveries, Hypotheses, Interpretations. XXXII Krupnov Readings]. Maykop, 154–156.
Limberis, N.Yu., Marchenko, I.I., 2006: Tipologiya i khronologiya meotskikh zheleznykh nakonechnikov kopiy iz pamyatnikov pravoberezh’ya Kubani [Typology and chronology of Maeotian iron spearheads from archaeological sites on the right bank of the Kuban River]. Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii Kubani [Materials and Research on the Archaeology of Kuban] 6. Krasnodar, 152–181.
Marchenko, I.I. 1996: Siraki Kubani (Po materialam kurgannykh pogrebeniy Nizhney Kubani) [The Kuban Siraces (Basing on the Materials from the Barrow Burials of the Lower Kuban Region)]. Krasnodar.
Marchenko, I.I., Limberis, N.Yu. 2001: O lokalizatsii meotskogo plemeni fateev [On the localization of the Maeotian tribe of Phateians]. In.: I.I. Marchenko (ed.), Tret’ya Kubanskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya [The Third Kuban Archaeological Conference]. Krasnodar–Anapa, 87–91.
Marchenko, I.I., Limberis, N.Yu. 2011: Meotskie drotiki iz pamyatnikov pravoberezh’ya Kubani [Meotian javelins from archaeological sites on the right bank of the Kuban River]. In.: A.Yu. Skakov (ed.), Problemy arkheologii Kavkaza. Sbornik materialov Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 70-letiyu Yu.N. Voronova (10–11 maya 2011 g., g. Sukhum) [Problems of Archaeology of the Caucasus. Collection of Materials of the International Scientifi c Conference Dedicated to the 70th Anniversary of Yu.N. Voronov (May 10–11, 2011, Sukhum)]. Sukhum, 131–133.
Monachov, S.Ju., Kuznetsova, E.V. 2017: Overseas trade in the Black Sea region from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period. In: V. Kozlovskaya (ed.), The Northern Black Sea in Antiquity. Networks, Connectivity and Cultural Interactions. Cambridge, 59–99.
Monakhov, S.Yu., Marchenko, I.I., Limberis, N.Yu., Kuznetsova, E.V., Churekova, N.B. 2021: Amfory Prikubanskogo nekropolya IV – nachala III v. do n.e. (iz sobraniya Krasnodarskogo gosudarstvennogo istoriko-arkheologicheskogo muzeya-zapovednika imeni E.D. Felitsyna) [Amphorae from the Kuban Necropolis of the 4th – early 3rd century BC in the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve named after E.D. Felitsyn]. Saratov.
Shevchenko, N.F. 2013: Plemena Vostochnogo Priazov’ya na rubezhe ery [Tribes of the East Azov Sea Shore on the Turn of Erae]. Rostov-on-Don.
Simonenko, A.V. 2014: Shlemy sarmatskogo vremeni iz Vostochnoy Evropy [Sarmatian Age Helmets from Eastern Europe]. Stratum plus 4, 249–284.
Simonenko, A.V., Marčenko, I.I., Limberis, N.Ju. 2008: Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern zwischen Unterer Donau und Kuban (Archäeologie in Eurasien 25). Mainz–Berlin.
Skripkin, A.S. 2017: Sarmaty [The Sarmatians]. Volgograd.
Vasilyev, V.N. 2001: Vooruzhenie i voennoe delo kochevnikov Yuzhnogo Urala v VI–II vv. do nashei ery [Weaponry and Warfare of the Nomads of the Southern Urals in the 6th – 2nd Centuries BC]. Ufa.
Vencl, Sl. 1984: War and Warfare in Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3, 116–132.
Vinogradov, Yu.A., Goroncharovskii, V.A. 2009: Voennaya istoriya i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmeriiskogo (VI v. do n. e. – seredina III v. n. e.) [Military History and Warfare of Cimmerian Bosporus (6th Century BC – Middle 3rd CenturyAD)]. Saint Petersburg.