Work represents the publication of the ceramic die found out on settlement General-Western in the East Crimea in 2005. These finds are additional evidence in support of opinion about amorphous handles with the letters cut out on a cross-section slope, which could have been a seal used for marking the tiles. Despite such an opportunity, Bosporan tiles were also marked with the wooden dies, or made from crude clay and then burnt.

MONUMENTS OF BOSPORAN CHORA IN 1st c. A.D.: CHRONOLOGY WITHIN OBJECTS OF SIGNAL-DEFENSIVE SYSTEM

À.V. Bonin

The article views the chronology of monuments at Bosporus of 1st c. AD such as «Poljanka», Kutlak fortress, towers of Uzunlar rampart, «the house of Hrisaliskos», Chokraksky cape, the Batarejka 1 and 2, Kuchugury 2, Anapa the Shirokaya Balka and lots of other places. The detailed analysis is done on the complex of finds from these settlements taking into consideration the last researches on this theme. So, the settlements of East Crimea and Fontalovsky peninsula have been constructed at king Asander. There is some difficultly with the situation of houses – towers at Asian Bosporus. Judging from the datings of finds, their basis can be dated to Mithridates time. However the finds dated to the second half of 1st c. AD. (the coins, the ceramics) show, that during this period life within these places had not been interrupted. The system of defense in the state allows to assume that, everything created by Asander had been claimed for (at least partly) by his successors.

«BOSPORAN» SQUADRONS IN ROMAN IMPERIAL ARMY

A.V. Ivenskikh

The Greco-Roman synthesis in military science of Bosporus has found its logical continuation in practice of recruitment for the Roman army subsidiaries — auxilius. The article represents and investigates the data upon three Bosporan military divisions at the Roman service. The work shows, that the process of Romanization of Bosporus Empire went on in different directions: by introduction of the Roman arms and equipment, and also by recruitment of the Bosporans for service in the Roman army. Probably, veterans from the Bosporan formations of the Roman army brought elements of a military suit which had not been used in Bosporan army earlier.

SKETCH ON HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MILITARY HISTORY OF ROMAN AFRICA (second half of XIX — mid. of XX cc.)

A.N. Nikitin

The article is devoted to studying of history of the Roman Africa during the colonial period. Within the framework of a colonial stage it is possible to single out two stages: the amateurish research and the scientific search. The beginning of a scientific stage of studying antique Maghrib is connected to a philologist-classics R.Kanja. During the interwar period the leading part of studying the Roman Africa belonged to Z.Karkopino. Last decade a «colonial» historiography of the Roman Africa is marked by activity of the pioneer in the air photography a colonel Z.Baradez.

HISTORIOGRAPHY ON MILITARY HISTORY OF ROMAN AFRICA (from 1960 till present time)

A.N. Nikitin

The important feature of the present stage of studying the military history of the Roman Africa is the internationalization of the research process. The international cooperation has reached the large scale in efficient organization of archeological researches, scientific symposiums, in editing epigraphic collected works. Alongside with the fact that France remains the active center of studying this problem, during the last decade researchers from the countries of Maghrib, Italy, Spain, the Great Britain, the USA, Germany play a more and more active role in studies on the subject-matter.

CULTURE OF TRADITIONAL HOUSE-BUILDING AT ORENBURG COSSACKS

A.A. Rybalko

Orenburg Cossack army was one of the first Cossack formations in Russia artificially created by the state for decision of the geopolitical problems facing Empire in the East in 18th–19th cc. Unification within two centuries of various groups of Volga, Yaitsky, Isetsky, Ukrainian cossacks, the state peasants, the soldier of linear battalions, and also separate groups Finno-Ugric, Mongolian, Turkic peoples led to the end of 19th c. to formation of the Russian ethnographic group with the vivid sub-ethnic consciousness — the Orenburg Ñossacks.

CORRELATIONS OF CONCEPTIONS — «LAW» AND «FREEDOM» IN GOVERNMENTAL PROJECTS AND RUSSIAN PUBLICISM (first quarter of 19th c.)

D.V. Timofeev

Semantic meanings of concepts «law» and «freedom» (which semantic field includes estimations and representations of the educated part of the Russian society about practice and ideal models of mutual relations both among individuals and interactions of the person and the state in the first quarter of 19th c.) are under analysis. The latter has been done within the framework of researching the matter of «interpreting» and adopting political ideas from one socio-cultural environment into another. Some negative and positive connotations of concepts «law» and «freedom» are determined on basis of the textual analysis within various projects, notes, popular scientific works and materials of periodicals; character of arrangement for semantic accents in word-combinations «the radical law», «the wise law», «natural freedom», «civil freedom», «political freedom», «lawful freedom» is determined, either. All this has allowed to reveal the most comprehensible, from the point of view of the educated Russian citizen of the first quarter of 19th c., concept of adopting the European experience and the orientation of modernization process within Russian socio-political and Legal system.

THE NOBLEMANS ESTATE IN THE MITTLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY AS REFLECTION OF FUNCTIONING OF THE INSTITION OF SERFDOM IN EVERYTAY LIFE (ON THE PATTERN OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION)

I.G. Onoprienko

The article deals with relations between landlords and peasants in village of the Central Black Earth Region in the middle of the 19th century. The problem offers a variety of views. But the following tendency is evident: the higher landlord’s social-economic status, the less social tension among his serfs. The landlord’s individuality was also very important.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LANDED PROPERTY OF CHURCH LAND IN THE KURSK AND THE VORONEZH PROVINCES IN 60-90-S OF THE 19th c.

A.A. Podvigaylo

Clergy in the Russian empire. The number of clergy in the Kursk and Voronezh provinces. The landed property of church in the Kursk and the Voronezh provinces. The landed property in the Kursk and Voronezh provinces according to the data dated from 1887. The landed property in the Kursk province according to the data dated from 1887 and 1901.

FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND IMPERIAL COURT: «PUBLIC» AND «LITERARY» LITIGATIONS IN RUSSIA IN 20th C.

Yu.V. Varfolomeev

The work is devoted to opposition of free-thinking and authority. Antagonism of emancipating movement and autocratic authority is shown basing on the example of several political processes in the beginning of 20 c. Attention is drawn to the fact that supporters of the guarding ideology put under the rigid censorship works of art and literature in their aspiration to restrain freedom of speech and oppositional statements among various layers of the population. They even resorted to spreading the religious and national discord. The article conveys «literary» processes, over the editors and publishers A.A.Suvorin and V.V.Vodovozov, the talented historian and outstanding politician P.N. Miljukov, professors M.M.Kovalevsky and M.N.Pokrovsky, and also an outstanding Russian thinker N.A.Berdjaev.

URAL BOURGEOISIE; AUTHORITY AND THE WORKING MATTER (BEGINNING OF 20th c.)

M.V. Druzin

The author considers influence of the «working matter» upon relations between the Ural bourgeoisie and authority in the beginning of 20th c. The government of Russian Empire has been compelled to follow the way of the legislative improvement of conditions for the workers that did not suit the Ural businessmen for merely economic reasons. But in special cases of conflicts between the workers and their employers, the Supreme authority patronized the Ural bourgeoisie of the «old» generation, but it did not assume the similar attitude to representatives of the new generation of the Ural businessmen.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WITHIN THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN INTERPRETATION OF THE GERMAN-SPEAKING HISTORY-ECONOMIC LITERATURE OF 20th c.

A.G. Dorozhkin

The article examines the interpretation of problems within industrial development of Russia in 1914 — the beginning of 1917 made by German-speaking researchers of Russia during 20th c. So, the views of historians from the German-speaking countries upon the state of Russian military industry during the specified period are under analysis; another point which is under consideration either is understanding positive and negative aspects in general balance of industrial functioning of the country within the extreme conditions of the First World War. Alongside with the estimation done by the German historians as to the state regulation of the Russian industry, they focus their attention upon the interpretation done by «ostforschurong» upon the home-made craft in the 1914 — beginning of 1917. In this connection, the problem of Russian small industry involvement in the system of military economy is observed too.

PROPAGATION OF SEPARATISM AMONG EAST EUROPE NATIONALITIES OF RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN GERMAN CAMPS OF WAR PRISONERS DURING FIRST WORLD WAR

Î.C. Nagornaya

The article considers the privileged maintenance and propagation among representatives of the East Europe nationalities within Russian Empire in German war prisoners' camps during the First World War. Using propaganda Germany tried to realize its military purposes and provide means of colonization of the East Europe area as a long term perspective. Determining factors of the given policy were colonial stereotypes in relation to the East Europe nationalities, the contradiction between aspiration to colonization and the leaflets of the independent states, a competition of diplomatic and military departments, development of forced labour system, and also anxiety about propagation path for revolutionary ideas outside camps. Inconsistency of this policy had not allowed to reach the aims, however, undoubtedly, it contributed to politization of the whole amount of war prisoners and their use by various forces in «European civil war».

MILITARY CENSORSHIP DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND REVOLUTION OF 1917–1918: PROBLEM OF ESSENCE AND SUCCESSION

P.V. Batulin

The work is devoted to a history of military censorship during the First World War and revolution of 1917–1918. The work notes, that development of military censorship in Russia is similar to development of counterspionage, i.e. it proceeded with significant delay in comparison with requirements. During 1914 — the beginning of 1917 the basis of military censorship was the aspiration to realize pre-war aims about military censorship as means guaranteeing some privacy, and also to solve the questions revealed during the war upon its international and interdepartmental interaction. Military censorship gained some characteristics of an element within the system of the political control. It was the result of the civil war and development of the Bolsheviks' state machinery, rather than the direct heritage of the First World War when the political control had not been viewed yet as a main task of Russian military censorship.

FORMATION OF SOVIET LAW-ENFORCEMENT STRUCTURES IN UFA PROVINCE IN 1917–1918

À.À. Abramovsky

The author shows the process of a formation within law-enforcement structures of the Soviet state in 1917–1918 on the example of Ufa province. According to the marxist theory it was necessary to liquidate the former force establishments and first of all — militia. The structure — fighting groups of national arming met the requirements of the concept about general arming of people in quite full measurement. However the author marks, that the formation of those new law enforcement bodies had an inconsistent and contradictory character.

FIRST STEPS OF WORKERS' MANAGING COMMITTEE OF NATIONALIZED INDUSTRY IN URAL REGION (december 1917 — may 1918)

A.V. Budanov

The article reflects some results of a broader scientific research, devoted to the organization of the worker's management. The core of the scientific research is the theory of modernization. The author of this article investigates some features of creation a specific system of management for the nationalized industry in the Ural. That system permitted to carry out the plans of the demilitarization of the Ural industry and to reach the highest results at the beginning of the Civil War in 1918. The relation between the Ural committee of worker's management and Sovnarkhoz is analyzed in the article, as well as correlation of the principles of decentralization and centralization. The process of the financing the Ural industry is investigated in the article either.

SOVIET PATRIOTISM IN PROVINCE: «RED GUERRILLA'S» CASE

O.Yu. Nikonova

The author analyzes the process of the social integration of the senior generation representatives (the civil war veterans) into Stalin's society. Ideological and cultural context of the integration was the official patriotic discourse of stalinism. Inclusion of heroic and mythological representations of the civil war in the Soviet patriotism had a great value for the group of veterans. As a whole the integration of the senior generation into socio-cultural context within Stalin's society passed according to «classical» channels of social mobilization when both the authority and the whole group used various mechanisms in order to exchange privileges for political loyalty.

L.D. TROTSKY: ABOUT LABOUR AND WORK RELAIONS WITHIN FIRST YEARS OF SOVIET AUTHORITY

E.M. Burjak

L.D. Trotsky played one of the major roles during the restoration of the national economy of the country in the course and after the Civil War and the First World War. His methods were constantly criticized, however a host of decisions came out with his signature. The author makes an attempt to analyze Trotsky's viwes upon the labour policy question and the ways of its carrying out in the country within the first years of the Soviet authority.

SOCIO-CULTURAL PORTRAIT OF STALIN'S POLITICAL BUREAU IN DOMESTIC INTERIOR (1934–1939)

N.N. Makarova

The article lays emphasis on the stages of socialization among the leader's companions-in-arms, on their marital status and quality of life within the Soviet political elite. Factors of person's socialization are the state, economic and social spheres. Successful socialization depends on purposefulness and methodicalness of this influence. Institutes of the socialization are family, school, professional sphere, political parties. Taking into consideration the given factors it is possible to say, that Stalin's political bureau represented a group of the high-ranking officials who having come from social bottoms, possessing no high standard of knowledge used the various material benefits given within the state system..

«HAVING «THE WATERING CAN» AND THE NOTEBOOK...» ALONG EAST PROVINCES: ORGANIZATION OF SOVIET PHOTO-REPORT AT POLISH CAMPAIGN (1939)

V.A. Tokarev

The Soviet newspaper photographers were involved in propaganda maintenance of so-called Red Army «emancipating campaign» to Poland in autumn 1939. For the first time the numerous group of photographers appeared to be outside the country. Professional experience and personal qualities of correspondents, assistance of military and civil authorities, administrative ability of editorial boards contributed to efficient illumination of the Polish campaign in a pictorial rendition.

IMPACT OF FOREIGN POLICY FACTOR UPON FIRST WORLD WAR IMAGE AND ITS INTERPRETATION IN FICTION DURING 1941–1945

O.Yu. Korochkova

The foreign policy situation is always having influence on creative process of writers. The article views the influence of the Great Patriotic War upon the interpretation of the First World War events (1914–1918) in Soviet literature. The special stress is made on characteristics of Brusilov's breach and its «author» general A.A. Brusilov.

REALIZATION OF SOCIAL POLICY AT URAL DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN CONDITIONS OF PEACEFUL CONSTRUCTION (1945–1950)

E.L. Glotova

The question of the present work is realization of social policy at Ural enterprises during the post-war period (1945-1950). The article marks some positive and negative sides of this policy, draws attention to the stand that had been taken by some managers of enterprises about improvement of social, life, work conditions for workers.

TANK MANUFACTURE IN STRUCTURE OF DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF THE USSR (1945–1953)

L.V. Shubarina

The author analyzes the specificity of development within the tank industry in a structure of the defense-industrial complex of the USSR after the end of the Second World War (1945–1953). Primary factors of tank manufacture during the post-war period were two powerful and antagonistic processes: conversion of a national economy and realization of a nuclear and rocket projects. The tank industry in opinion of the Soviet authorities lost its value, so, being deprived of the ministry and the best managers, designers and experts it faded into the background for a long while.

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION SPHERE IN URAL DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN 1945–1955

N.C. Khomutova

Development of the defensive industry in Ural encouraged the fast growth of high schools and amounts of people with high education. Due to the help of defensive factories it was possible to increase considerably the number of schools and to equip them with all necessary facilities. Unlike the other branches of the social sphere, the main role in development of education had been played by the enterprises and their managers. Such a partaking in its turn produced conditions for a considerable growth of a labour productivity, development of science and economics in the Ural region.

INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGICAL FACTOR ON CHILDREN'S SOCIALIZATION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

N.A. Malysheva

The Great Patriotic War did not change the essence of the USSR state system. On the contrary, it was the favorable period for strengthening the centralization of authority and I.V. Stalin's regime. Orders, decisions, the decrees of the government accepted during the wartime, had been aimed at bringing up in people patriotism, preventing panic and treachery. Children were the integral part of the Soviet society so the current changes in the country directly influenced their socialization. Propaganda, mass media, art, school, the Pioneer and Komsomol organizations which activity was coordinated by the government of the country played a big role in patriotic education of children.

PUBLIC AND CULTURE CONTACTS BETWEEN STATES OF ANTI-HITLER COALITION IN WARTIME

I.O. Koldomasov

Except military and economic interaction were existed interactions between USSR and English-American blocs in public and cultural sphere. They concerned exchanges of articles and literary works, cinema demonstrations, activity of public organizations, visits of famous peoples and other parts of interrelations. These contacts were complicated by some conditions such as language difference, wartime situation, national self-awareness and totalitarian characters of soviet society. The main factor effecting the relations between the allies was the political one, so all changes were connected with policy to better or worse. On the whole the contacts were extended compared with the peace period before the war, but the collaboration was not full.

SOVIET, GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR AND THE INTERNED. QUESTIONS: HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE POST-WAR PERIOD

A.N. Kharitonov, K.D. Muller

The work represents the review of research and its modern condition on the problem: Soviet, German prisoners of war and the interned. The article marks the results and prospects on the further studying of the problem under consideration. The author also designates the purpose and the primary goals of humanitarian projects which have been realized by the Russian and German experts of scientific. Theses are «Destinies of Soviet War Prisoners», «Destinies of German War Prisoners».

STUDYING OF RUSSIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN DOMESTIC HISTORIOGRAPHY

L.S. Verahina

In the Soviet historiography the problematics of Christian democracy was treated as the social-reformatory direction of the public idea. That course was regarded as the one standing up for perfection of a bourgeois regime and distracting workers from the real struggle for their rights. At the present stage there seems to be a sharp increase of interest to the given subject. However, the special researches devoted to the Russian Christian democracy, have only appeared recently, that is why the problem is far from exhausting its own potentialities yet.

HISTORICAL PRECONDITIONS OF RISE AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH ABBREVIATION

N.N. Rakitina

The work is devoted to the process of origin and development of an English abbreviation. The author has shown skill to understand, systematize and generalize a material on questions of historical development of the English abbreviation. The article has a diachronical, factorgraphical character and represents both linguistic, and historical aspects. The author, certainly, deepens our notion about the researched phenomenon, reveals her own new features and makes interesting, substantiated conclusions. The author examines in detail the interlacing of linguistic and historical factors in development of the English abbreviation, placing high emphasis on the abbreviation in Ancient Rome as far as, the ancient Roman abbreviation is the basis of origin for the English abbreviation.

POLITICAL EUPHEMISM: LANGUAGE OF AUTHORITY OR POWER OF LANGUAGE? (RESEARCH OF PROBLEM FROM POSITION OF LINGVO-CULTURE SCIENCE)

U.G. Repp

The work considers the problem of language influence within a modern English-speaking political discourse by means of euphemistic substitutions. The author carries out the analysis on the example of two basic groups of political euphemisms, most widely submitted in English political media-texts. The phenomenon of political euphemism is examined in the present article through the prism of basic value dominants of English-speaking (in particular American) culture.

MYTHOLOGICAL SPACE AND TIME IN TV FESTIVAL ADVERTISEMENT

E.Yu. Karmalova

In article «Mythological space and time in television festival advertisement» by E.U. Karmalova the author considerers parallels between mythology of modern mass culture and archaic mythology. The advertisement as the form of mass culture personifies many lines of the mythological thinking, first of all, principles of world modeling, symbology of colour and space and time.

In article proves the idea that all known concepts of space and time turn out to be represented in TV advertisement, either they do in mythology. Thus, they can be opened and locked, uniform and lumpy, linear and nonlinear, steady-state and dynamic and other. Fundamental difference between mythological archaic and mythological advertising concepts of time and space is that the comprehension of their bases differs in modern consciousness from one to another. For mass paradigm mythological being is the way to refuse the realities, leaving for the constructed unreal time and space.

«I SHOULD NOT BE A COLD SPECTATOR OF THAT LIFE, WHICH I TRANSFER ON SCREEN…»: CREATIVE SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIRECTOR P. PETROV-BYTOV

N.V. Chernova

The article views creative search and development of the Soviet director P.P. Petrov-Bytov. Having got into cinematography quite by chance, he noted his career at «Lenfilm» studio with several successful films. The epilogue of his creative activity was his picture «Petrograd Defense».

MATERIAL WORLD IN SOVIET CINEMA OF 1930-S

T.E. Khuzina

The new art semantics of a thing arises in 1930-s. When reflecting objective reality the place of the valid subject had been strongly occupied with some kind of material mythology. The 1930-s is essentially the other approach to the interpretation of the subjective reality, where the subject ceases to be apolitical. The d?cor of the Soviet films of 1930-s is represented not as ignoring the material world, but, on the contrary, as the system well thought-out and weighed according to the only ideology with its own semantics and hierarchy.

ART EDUCATION AND PROVINCIAL SPECTATOR OF SOVIET ART AT STALIN'S REGIME

G.A. Jankovskaja

The functioning of museums, picture galleries and movable exhibitions is considered to be the means of art propaganda. The major purpose of the Soviet cultural policy was making aesthetic education and art significant parts within a daily life of an «ordinary person». The author of the article following the logic of «visual researches», considers the vision to be a social practice caused by visual conventions accepted within society, social values and discursive norms. G. Jankovskaja shows, the ways exhibitions and museums introduced visual lexicon of the epoch to new spectators, besides some methods are considered concerning mastering the social practices such as public statement about art. The author draws quite discrepant shape for the object of art propaganda — the provincial spectator of the Soviet art basing on visitors' books and newspaper discussions.

Details: Published: 08 April 2015; Last Updated: 11 December 2015; Hits: 3547

Archive

Contents of №16/3, 2006

HISTORY

Antiquity an Archaeology

Russian History

PHILOLOGY

Linguistics

CULTURE

History of Cinema, Art Criticism

CHRONICLE

CERAMIC DIE FROM GENERAL-WESTERN SETTLEMENT