Abstract
The article deals with burials discovered in the Eastern necropolis of Phanagoria in 1980. They belong to rare burial complexes of the Hellenistic age – stone boxes probably imitating stone sarcophagi. All these tombs were plundered. Six of seven boxes discovered in this area of necropolis were built in the 2nd–1st centuries BC, with the using of similar construction techniques. Burial structures of some complexes were almost completely destroyed, and only individual limestone blocks are left. But even these remains allow us to restore the appearance of the tombs based on well-preserved similar structures. The most interesting of these fi nds is a stone tomb with monumental gable roof consisting of eleven stone plates. This box most likely belongs to an early variant of stone tombs of the Hellenistic age known for Phanagoria. In spite of the absence of dromos and small size, the tomb has parallels among stone vaults of the early Hellenistic age. The box is completely plundered, but there were some fi nds of the Roman age inside, that clearly suggest that the structure was used repeatedly, perhaps for several centuries. The time when the stone structure has been built was determined on the basis of fi nds from a funeral feast near the tomb. These fi nds mainly included fragments of amphorae dated back to the 4th century BC, ware and other articles dated back to the 4th – early 3rd centuries BC.
The published complexes represent an addition to a series of stone tombs of the ancient city. The well-preserved early Hellenistic stone tomb allows us to distinguish an early stage in evolution of stone burial structures in early Hellenistic Phanagoria.
Keywords
North Black Sea, Phanagoria, necropolis, Hellenism, funeral rites, stone tomb.
Alekseyeva, E.M. 1975: Antichnye busy Severnogo Prichernomorya [Ancient Beads from the North Black Sea Region] (SAI G1–12). Moscow.
Alekseyeva, E.M. 1978: Antichnye busy Severnogo Prichernomorya [Ancient Beads from the North Black Sea Region] (SAI G1–12). Moscow.
Anderson-Stojanovic, V.R. 1987: The Chronology and Function of Ceramic Unguentaria. AJA 91, 105–122.
Bozhkova, A., Kiyashkina, P. 2013: Tsistovi grobove ot elinisticheskiya nekropol na Mesambriya na Cherno more [Cist Tombs from the Hellenistic Necropolis in Mesambria on the Black Sea]. In: V. Dinchev (ed.), Izvestiya na Natsionalniya arkheologicheski Institut XLI [Proceedings of the National Archaeological Institute]. Sofi a, 53–70.
Dusenbery, E.B. 1994: The Necropoleis. The Necropoleis and Catalogues of Burials (Samothrace II).
Hermary, A., Panayotova, K, Baralis, A., Damyanov, M. Riapov, A. 2010: Apollonia du Pont (Sozopol) la Necropole de Kalfata (V–III s. av. J. – C.) (Biblijtheque dʹ Archeologie Mediterraneenne et Africaine 5). Paris.
Korovina, A.K. 1967: Raskopki nekropolya Fanagorii v 1964 g [Excavations of Necropolis in Phanagoria in 1964]. Kratkie soobsheniya Instituta Arkheologii [Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology] 109, 130–135.
Korovina, A.K. 1987: Nekropol’ Fanagorii (raskopki 1964–1965 gg.) [Necropolis in Phanagoria (excavations in 1964-1965)]. Soobshcheniya GMII im. A.S. Pushkina [Proceedings of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts] 8, 71–109.
Korpusova, V.N. 1983: Nekropol’ Zolotoe (K etnokul’turnoy istorii evropeyskogo Bospora) [Zolotoye Necropolis (To the Ethnic and Cultural History of the European Bosporus)]. Kiev.
Kurts, D.C., Boardman, J. 1971: Greek Burial Customs. London.
Maksimova, M.I. 1979: Artyuhovskiy kurgan [Artyukhosvsky Barrow]. Leningrad.
Marchenko, I.D. 1974: Terrakoty iz svyatilishcha na Mayskoy gore (Blevake) [Terracottas from the Shrine on the Mayskaya Hill (Blevaka)]. In: M.M. Kobylina (ed.), Terrakotovye statuetki. IV. Pridonye i Tamanskiy poluostrov [Terracotta statuettes. IV. Don Region and Taman Peninsula]. (SAI G1–11). Moscow, 31–35.
Medvedev, A.P. 2013: Ellinisticheskiy nekropol’ Fanagorii: voprosy khronologii i periodizatsii (v svete raskopok 2005–2007 gg.) [The Hellenistic Necropolis in Phanagoria: Issues of Chronology and Periodization (Excavations in 2005–2007)]. In: V.Y. Zuyev (ed.), Bosporskiy fenomen. Greki i varvary na Evraziyskom perekrestke: Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [Bosporan Phenomenon. Greeks and Barbarians at the Eurasian Crossroads: Proceedings of the International Scientifi c Conference]. Saint Petersburg, 232–237.
Medvedev, A.P. 2014: O pogrebeniyakh s konyami v antichnom nekropole Fanagorii [On Burials with Horses in the Ancient Necropolis in Phanagoria]. Antichnyy Mir i Arkheologiya [Ancient World and Archaeology] 17, 272–288.
Parovich-Peshikan, M. 1974: Nekropol’ Ol’vii ellinisticheskogo vremeni [Olbian Necropolis of the Hellenistic Age]. Kiev.
Shavyrina, T.G. 1980a: Otchet o rezul’tatakh rabot nekropol’skogo otryada Fanagoriysko-Tamanskoy ekspeditsii Instituta Arkheologii AN SSSR v 1980 godu [Report on the Results of Work of the Necropolis Crew of the Phanagoria-Taman Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. (Arkhiv IA RAN [Archive of the Institute of Archaeology RAS]. R–1. No. 8234).
Shavyrina, T.G. 1980b: Al’bom k otchetu T.G. Shavyrinoy o rezul’tatakh rabot nekropol’skogo otryada Fanagoriysko-Tamanskoy ekspeditsii Instituta Arkheologii AN SSSR v 1980 godu. [Album to the Report on the Results of Work of the Necropolis Crew of the Phanagoria- Taman Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. Pt. II. (Arkhiv IA RAN [Archive of the Institute of Archaeology RAS]. R–1, No. 8234b).
Shavyrina, T.G. 1980c: Al’bom k otchetu T.G. Shavyrinoy o rezul’tatakh rabot nekropol’skogo otryada Fanagoriysko-Tamanskoy ekspeditsii Instituta Arkheologii AN SSSR v 1980 godu. [Album to the Report on the Results of Work of the Necropolis Crew of the Phanagoria- Taman Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. Pt. III. (Arkhiv IA RAN [Archive of the Institute of Archaeology RAS]. R–1, No. 8234c).
Shavyrina, T.G., Voroshilova, O.M. 2013: Issledovaniya Zapadnogo nekropolya Fanagorii (po materialam raskopok 1987–2000 g.). [Exploration of the Western Necropolis in Phanagoria (Based on Materials from Excavations in 1987–2000)]. In: V.D. Kuznetsov (ed.), Fanagoriya. Rezul’taty arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy [Phanagoria. Results of Archaeological Exploration 1] (Phanagoria 1). Moscow, 415–481.
Voroshilov, A.N., Voroshilova, O.M. 2016: O novykh nakhodkakh ellinisticheskikh kamennykh “yashchikov” v Fanagorii [Recent Finds of Hellenistic Stone Boxes in Phanagoria]. D.V. Zhuravlev, U. Shlotsauer (eds.), Aziatskiy Bospor i Prikubanye v dorimskoe vremya [Asian Bosporus and Kuban Region in the Pre-Roman Age]. Moscow, 23–28.
Voroshilov, A.N., Voroshilova, O.M. 2017: Pogrebeniya v kamennykh yashchikakh iz Fanagorii [Stone Box Burials in Phanagoria]. In: A.P. Derevyanko, A.A. Tishkin (eds.), V (XXI) Vserossiyskiy arkheologicheskiy syezd: sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Proceedings of the V (XXI) All-Russian Archaeological Congress]. Barnaul, 216–217.
Voroshilov, A.N., Voroshilova, O.M. 2020b: Kamennaya ellinisticheskaya grobnitsa iz raskopok Fanagorii v 2019 g [Hellenistic Stone Box from Excavations in Phanagoria in 2019]. In: A.N. Golotvin (ed.), Arkheologicheskoe nasledie. Antichnost’. Skify. Sarmaty [Archaeological Heritage. Antiquity. Scythians, Sarmatians]. Voronezh, 477–487.
Voroshilov, A.N., Voroshilova, O.M. 2020а: Ellinisticheskiy kamenniy yashchik iz raskopok nekropolya Fanagorii 2015 goda [Hellenistic Stone Box from Excavations in Phanagoria in 2015]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kultury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 4, 146–156.
Voroshilova, O.M. 2020: Pogrebenie v “kamennom yashchike” (Fanagoriya, 2016 g.) [A Stone Box Burial (Phanagoria, 2016)]. In: V.D. Kuznetsov (ed.), Hypanis 2. Moscow, 93–108.
Voroshilova, O.M. 2018: Pogrebeniya v kamennykh yashchikakh iz raskopok Fanagorii v 1975 g [Stone Box Burials from Excavations in Phanagoria in 1975]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kul’tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies ] 4, 5–11.
Zaytsev, Y.P. 1998: Keramika s lakovym pokrytiem iz sloya pozhara 1 Yuzhnogo dvortsa Neapolya Skifskogo [Lacquered Pottery from the Fire Layer of the Southern Palace in Scythian Neapolis]. In: D.V. Zhuravlev (ed.), Trudy Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya [Proceedings of the State Historical Museum] 102. Moscow, 52–60.
Žuravlev, D.V., Lomtadze, G.A., Ilʹina, T.A., Sudarev, N.I. 2007: Kurgan 17 (18) aus der Nekropole der bosporanischen Stadt Kepoi. Eurasia Antiqua 13, 215–255.