Abstract
This publication is devoted to the fi nds of shells of marine molluscs in the burials of the nomads of Asian Sarmatia. In this regard, their fi nds are considered in the context of the distribution of such shells in the cultures of the Early Iron Age from the Mediterranean and Central Europe in the west to China in the east.
The article deals with the fi nds of cowry shells, as well as pendants from shells of marine gastropods.
In comparison with the wide distribution of cowrie shells originating from the tropical seas of South and Southeast Asia, the Red Sea or the Persian Gulf, in the early Scythian period and their finds in the early Sarmatian burials of the South Urals, attention is drawn to the fact that in the Sarmatian burials of the 3rd –1st centuries BC in the Lower Volga and in the Lower Don regions, cowrie shells are not found, although they are known in the burials of this period in the North Caucasus.
In the burials of the nomads of Asian Sarmatia of the fi rst centuries AD cowries are quite rare and are known both in the Lower Don and in the Lower Volga regions and are represented both by single shells, included in sets of amulets, and as elements of a necklace. Cowries became more widespread in the Late Sarmatian period, when only in the Volga-Don interfl uve they originate from 15 burials. At the same time in South Urals, where cowrie shells were found in the burials of nomads of the 5th – 2nd centuries BC relatively often, they are unknown in the fi rst centuries AD.
Of particular note is the use of cowry shells in the decoration of belts, an example of which is a belt decorated with two rows of shells and a gold zoomorphic buckle, found in the warrior burial of the necropolis near Novyy Farmsted. This custom should most likely be associated with the practice that became widespread among the Xiongnu and in China of the Western Han era. The find of a similarly decorated belt in the burial of a warrior from the Kultobe cemetery in South Kazakhstan marks the transfer of this custom from east to west.
Other types of shells, belonging to the class of marine gastropods, in particular, the murex family, are also occasionally found in Sarmatian burials. They were used as pendants. Even more rare are pendants made of turrilutids, forming spiral curls. Such shells, belonging to the subclass of extinct cephalopods, ammonites, which existed from the Devonian to the Cretaceous period, are quite widespread, including Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
Keywords
Shells of the marine molluscs, cowries, gastropods, pendants, amulets, details of belts, nomads of Asian Sarmatia, Eurasia, Xiongnu, China
Abdullaev, K.A. 1995: Armour of Ancient Bactria. In: A. Invenizzi (ed.), In the Land of the Gryphons. Papers on Central Asian Archaeology in Antiquity. Firenze, 163–180.
Abdullaev, K.A. 2007: Nomad Migration in Central Asia. In: J. Cribb, G. Herrmann (eds.), After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam / (Proceedings of the British Academy 133). Oxf., New York, 73–98.
Abdulgazieva, B. 1987: Novye pamyatniki epokhi rannego srednevekov’ya Vostochnoy Fergany [New Monuments of the Early Medieval Period of Eastern Ferghana]. Istoriya material’noy kul’tury Uzbekistana [The History of the Material Culture of Uzbekistan] 21, 66–72.
Abu-Laban, A. 2014: The Use of Marine Mollusk Shells at the Neolithic Site Shkarat Msaied, Jordan. In: Archaeomalacology, 9–18.
Alekseeva, E.M. 1982: Antichnye busy Severnogo Prichernomor’ya [Ancient Beads of the North Pontic Area] (Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] Г1-12). Moscow.
Alimov, K.A., Bogomolov, G.I. 2000: K voprosu ob etnokul’turnykh svyazyakh kochevnikov Bukhary i Chacha [To the Question of the ethnocultural Relations of the Nomads of Bukhara and Chach]. Istoriya material’noy kul’tury Uzbekistana [The History of the Material Culture of Uzbekistan] 31, 164–177.
Apostolakou, S., Betancourt, P., Brogan, T., Mylona, D., Sofi aniou, C. 2014: Tritons Revisited. In: G. Touchais, R. Laffi neur, F. Rougemont (eds.), Physis. L’environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique / (Aegeum 37). Leuven– Liege, 325–332.
Banghard, K. 2001: Kauris im merowingerzeitlichen Europa. Ein Beitrag zur frühmittelalterlichen Fernhandelsgeschichte. Münstersche Beiträge zur Antiken Handelsgeschichte 20, 15–22.
Baruch, I., Artzy, M., Heller, J., Balensi, Herrer, M.D. 2005: The mollusc fauna from the Late Bronze and Iron Age strata of Tell Abu Hawam. In: Archaeomalacology, 137–147.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2007: Construction and Trade: The Shells from Tel Beth-Shean. In: A. Mazar (ed.), Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996. I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period. Jerusalem, 711–722.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2007: Archaeomalacological Research in Israel: The current State of Research. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 56, 191–206.
Baypakov, K.M., Smagulov, E.A., Erzhigitova, A.A. 2005: Rannesrednevekovye nekropoli Yuzhnogo Kazakhstana [Early Medieval Necropoleis of South Kazakhstan]. Pts. 1–2. Almaty.
Beglova, E.A. 2005: The First Ritual Complex of the Tenginskii Burial-Ground. ACSS 11, 41–84.
Beglova, E.A., Erlikh, V.A. 2018: Meoty Zakuban’ya v sarmatskoe vremya. Po materialam Tenginskogo gruntovogo mogil’nika [The Maoitians of the Trans-Kuban Region. After the Materials of the Tenginskiy Burial-Ground]. Moscow.
Belarte, M.C., Canela, J., Euba, I., López, D., Valenzuela, S. 2017: ¿Depуsito votivo o destrucciуn de necrуpolis?: el silo protohistуrico de El Pontarrу (La Secuita, Tarragona) / Votive Deposit or Destroyed Necropolis?: The Protohistoric Silo of El Pontarró (La Secuita, Tarragona). Trabajos de Prehistoria 74(2), 355–374.
Bernar, P., Abdullaev, K. 1997: Nomady na granitse Baktrii (k voprosu etnicheskoy i kul’turnoy identifikatsii) [The Nomads on the Border of Bactria (to the Qustion of Ethnic and Cultural Identification]. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya [Russian archaeology] 1, 68–86.
Bin Yang, 2004: Horses, Silver, and Cowries: Yunnan in Global Perspective. Journal of World History 15.3, 281–322.
Bin Yang, 2011: The Rise and Fall of Cowrie Shells: The Asian Story. Journal of World History 22.1, 1–25.
Bogdanov, S.V. 2018: Kul’turno-khronologicheskie kompleksy skifo-sarmatskoy epokhi I Nizhnepavlovskogo kurgannogo mogil’nika v stepnom Priural’e [Cultural-Chronological Complexes of the Scytho-Sarmatian Period of the 1st Nizhnepavlovskiy Kurgan Necropolis in the Steppe Urals]. Stratum plus 3, 103–133.
Borello, M.A. 2004: Le conchiglie nella preistoria e nella protostoria. Preistoria Alpina. Suppl. 1, 40. Trento, 19–42.
Borodovskiy, A.P., Larichev, V.E. 2011: Predmetnyy kompleks Iyusskogo klada [The Complex of Items of the Iyuss Treasure]. Vestnik NGU. Seriya Istoriya, fi lologiya [Journal of the Novosibirsk State University. Series History, Philology] 10.7, 196–208.
Borodovskiy, A.P., Larichev, V.E. 2013: Iyusskiy klad (katalog kollektsii) [The Iyuss Treasure (The Catalogue of Collection)]. Novosibirsk.
Brosseder, U. 2011: Belt Plaques as an Indicator of East-West Relations in the Eurasian Steppe at the Turn of the Millennia. In: Xiongnu Archaeology, 349–424.
Bruyako, I.V. 2007: Seashells and Nomads of the Steppes (Early Scythian Culture and Molluscs of the Cyprea family in Eastern Europe). ACSS 13.3-4, 225–240.
Caré, B. 2018: Conchiglie in tomba tra Magna Grecia e Sicilia: contesti e proposte interpretative. In: S. Bonomi, C. Malacrino (eds.), Ollus leto datus est. Architettura, topografi a e rituali funerari nelle necropoli dell’Italia meridionale e della Sicilia fra antichità e medioevo. Reggio Calabria, 145–156.
Cat. Almaty 2009: А. Аkishev, N. Alimbay (eds.), Kul‘tura rannikh kochevnikov Kazakhstana. Arkheologicheskaya kollektsiya Tsentral’nogo gosudarstvennogo muzeya Respubliki Kazakhstan [The culture of the early nomads of Kazakhstan. Archaeological collection of the Central State Museum of the Republic Kazakhstan]. Almaty.
Cat. Daoulas 1995: Entre Asie et Europe. L’or des Sarmates. Nomades des steppes dans l’antiquité. 17 juin – 29 octobre 1995. Abbaye de Daoulas.
Cat. Paris 2001: V. Schiltz (ed.), L’or des Amazones. Paris.
Chacheva, M. 2015: Trinkets for the Afterlife: Personal Ornaments from Graves of Children in the Necropolis of Apollonia Pontica. Archaeologia Bulgarica XIX.1, 1–21.
Chacheva, M. 2016: Adornments or amulets? Personal ornaments of Apollonian children in Pontic context. In: M. Manoledakis (ed.), The Black Sea in the Light of New Archaeological Data and Theoretical Approaches. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 18–20 September 2015. Oxf., 139–152.
d’Annibale, C. 2016: Marine Shells. In: F. Silvestrelli, I.E.M. Edlund-Berry (eds.), A Greek Settlement at Sant’Angelo Vecchio (The Chora of Metaponto 6). Austin, 197–206.
d’Annibale, C. 2018: Marine Shells. In: Carter, J.C., Swift, K. The Greek Sanctuary at Pantanello (The Chora of Metaponto 7). Austin, 473–502.
Daragan, M.N. 2011: Nachalo rannego zheleznogo veka v Dneprovskoy Pravoberezhnoy Lesostepi [The Beginning of the Early Iron Age in the Dnieper Right Bank Forest-Steppe]. Kiev.
Dashevskaya, O.D. 2014: Nekropol’ Belyausa [The Necropolis of Belyaus]. Simferopol.
Davydova, A.V. 1985: Ivolginskiy kompleks (gorodishche i mogil’nik) – pamyatnik khunnu [The Ivolga Complex (The Fortifi ed Settlement and the Necropolis] – the Monument of the Xiongnu. Leningrad.
Davydova, A.V. 1996: Ivolginskiy arkheologicheskiy kompleks. Vol. 2. Ivolginskiy mogil’nik [The Ivolga Archaeological Complex. Vol. 2. The Ivolga Necropolis] (Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki syunnu [Archaeological Monuments of the Xiongnu] 2). Saint Petersburg.
Davydova, A.V., Minyaev, S.S. 2008: Khudozhestvennaya bronza syunnu. Novye otkrytiya v Rossii / The Xiongnu Decorative Bronzes: New Discoveries in Russia (Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki syunnu [Archaeological Monuments of the Xiongnu] 6). Saint Petersburg.
Dedyul‘kin, А.V. 2015: Materialy iz pogrebeniya, issledovannogo v 1973 g. v g. Novocherkasske, iz fondov Muzeya istorii donskogo kazachestva [The Materials from the Burial, investigated in 1973 in the City of Novocherkassk, from the Depots of the Museum of History of Don Cossaks]. In: V.А. Korenyako, L.А. Boyko (ed.), ΤΑΝΑΙΝ ΔΕ ΠΟΤΑΜΟΝ ΔΙΑΒΑΝΤΙ. Pamyati V.E. Maksimenko [To the Memory of V.E. Maksimenko (1934–2014)]. Rostov-on-Don, 71–72.
Devlet, М.А. 1980: Sibirskie poyasnye azhurnye plastiny. II v. do n.e. – I v. n.e. [Siberian Openwork Belt Plates. 2nd Century BC – 1st Century AD] (Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] Д4-7). Moscow.
Dvornichenko, V.V., Plakhov, V.V., Sergatskov, I.V. 2002: Sarmatskie pogrebeniya u poselka Komsomol’skiy Astrakhanskoy oblasti [Sarmatian burials near the village of Komsomolskiy, Astrakhan region]. Nizhnevolzhskiy arkheologicheskiy vestnik [Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin] 5, 224–250.
Dzneladze, E.S. 2016: Busy i podveski sarmatov Severnogo Prichernomor’ya [Beads and pendants of the Sarmatians of the North Pontic area]. Ph.D. thesis. Kiev.
Egiimaa, T.S. 2011: Adornments of the Xiongnu. In: In: G. Ėrėgzėn (ed.), Treasures of the Xiongnu / Г. Эрэгзэн (ред.), Хүннүгийн өв. Улаанбаатар / Ulaanbaatar, 112–129.
Filosofy iz Khuaynani. Khuaynan’tszy [Philosophs from Huainan. Huainanzi]. Compiled by Ushakov, I.V.; translated from Chinese by Pomerantseva, L.E. (Filosofskoe nasledie [Philosophical Heritage] 135). Moscow.
Francfort, H.P. 2011: Tillya Tépa (Afghanistan) la sépulture d’un roi anonyme de la Bactriane du Ier siècle P.C. Topoi 17/1, 277–347.
Furtwängler, A. 2011: Tridacna – warum nicht auch mal griechisch? In: O. Pilz, M. Vonderstein (Hrsg.), Keraunia: Beiträge zu Mythos, Kult und Heiligtum in der Antike (Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 298). Berlin–Boston, 47–51.
Golani, A. 2014: Cowrie Shells and Their Imitations as Ornamental Amulets in Egypt and the Near East. In: A. Golani, Z. Wygnańska (eds.), Beyond Ornamentation. Jewelry as an Aspect of Material Culture in the Ancient Near East (PAM, Special Studies 23/2), 71–94.
Goldina, Е.V., Krasnoperov, А.А. 2012: Nyrgyndinskii I mogil’nik II–III vv. na Sredney Kame [Nyrgynda I Necropolis of the 2nd–3rd Centuries AD in the Middle Kama Basin] (Materialy i issledovaniya Kamsko-Vyatskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii [Materials and Studies of the Kamsko-Vyatka Archaeological Expedition] 22). Izhevsk.
Golovchenko, N.N. 2015: Rakoviny kauri kak element poyasnoy furnitury naseleniya verkhneobskogo basseyna epokhi rannego zheleza [Cowrie Shells as an Element of the Belt Furniture of the Population of the Upper Ob’ Basin in the Early Iron Age element]. In: Polevye issledovaniya v Priirtysh’e, Verkhnem Priob’e i na Altae: materialy X Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii [Field Investigations in the Irtysh, Upper Ob’ Basins and in the Altay: Materials of the 10th International Scientifi c-Practical Conference]. Barnaul, 33–37.
Gorbenko, A.A., Kosyanenko, V.М. 2011: Nekropol’ Paniardisa [The Necropolis of Paniardis]. (Donskie drevnosti [The Antiquities of Don]. Iss.11). Azov.
Gorbunova, N.G. 2001: Skotovody Baktrii, Sogda i TSentral’nykh Kyzylkumov [The Cattle Breeders of Bactria, Sogd and Central Kyzylkums]. Arkheologicheskii sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [The Collection of Articles on Archaeology of the State Hermitage] 35, 126–151.
Gordin, I.А. 1988: Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh kurgannogo mogil’nika «Pirozhok » v zone provedeniya zemlyanykh planirovochnykh rabot na zemlyakh sovkhoza «Levoberezhnyy » Volgodonskogo rayona Rostovskoy oblasti v 1988 godu [Report on the Archaeological Excavations of the Kurgan Necropolis “Pirozhok” in the Area of the Planning Ground Works on the Lands of the State Farm “Levoberezhny” in the Volgodonsk District of the Rostov Region in 1988]. Archive of the Azov Historical-Archaeological and Paleontological Museum-Reserve, № 10932/1, 2.
Goryachev, А.А., Yatsenko, S.А., Egorova, Т.А. 2016: Kostyanaya plastina s gravirovannoy kompozitsiey iz poseleniya rannego zheleznogo veka Kyzylbulak-IV v verkhov’yakh ushchel’ya Turgen [A Bone Plate with an Incised Composition from the Early Iron Age Settelement Kyzylbulak-IV in the Upper Reaches of the Turgen Gorge]. In: B.А. Baytanaev (ed.), Aktual’nye problemy arkheologii Evrazii. Materialy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 25-letiyu nezavisimosti Respubliki Kazakhstan i 25-letiyu Instituta arkheologii im. A.Kh. Margulana [Actual Problems of the Archeology of Eurasia. Materials of the Conference dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the 25th Anniversary of the Institute of Archeology named after A.Kh. Margulan]. Almaty, 632–648.
Gottschalk, R. 2008: Zur spätrömischen Grabkultur im Kölner Umland. Zwei Bestattungsareale in Hürth-Hermülheim. Zweiter Teil: Die Funde und ihre Deutung. BJb 208, 91–160.
Grenet, F. 2012: The Nomadic Element in the Kushan Empire (1st–3rd Century AD). Journal of Central Eurasian Studies 3, 1–22.
Gruber, M., Il’yasov, J., Kaniuth, K. 2012: A Decorated Ivory Belt from Tilla Bulak, Southern Uzbekistan. ACSS 18, 339–375.
Gushchina, I.I., Zhuravlev, D.V. 2016: Nekropol’ rimskogo vremeni Bel’bek IV v Yugo-Zapadnom Krymu [Necropolis of the Roman Period Belbek IV in Southwestern Crimea (Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo Muzeya [Proceedings of the State Historical Museum], Iss. 205). Moscow.
Gushchina, I.I., Zasetskaya, I.P. 1994: «Zolotoe kladbishche» rimskoi epokhi v Prikuban’e [The „Golden Cemetery“ of the Roman Period in the Kuban Area]. Saint Petersburg.
Hrouda, B. 1962: Die Kleinfunde aus historischer Zeit (Tell Halaf IV). Berlin.
Ilyasov, J. 2003: Covered Tail and “Flying” Tassels. Iranica Antiqua XXXVIII, 259–325.
Il‘yasov, J..Ya., Kaniut, К., Gruber, М. 2013: Takhtisanginskie plastiny – shkatulka ili poyasnoy nabor? [The Takhti-Sangin Plates – A Casket or a Belt Set?]. In: G.Yu. Kolganova, А.А. Petrova, S.V. Kullanda (eds.), Posledniy entsiklopedist: k yubileyu so dnya rozhdeniya B.A. Litvinskogo [The last Encyclopedist: on the Anniversary of the birth of B.A. Litvinskiy]. Moscow, 185–199.
Ilyasov, J.Ya., Rusanov, D.V. 1998: A Study on the Bone Plates from Orlat. SRAA 5, 107–159.
Ilyukov, L.S., Vlaskin, М.V. 1992: Sarmaty mezhdurech’ya Sala i Manycha [The Sarmatians of the Interfl uve of Sal and Manych Rivers]. Rostov-on-Don.
Ismagilov, R.B., Sungatov, F.А. 2011: Mogil’nik Valit-2 i problema datirovki «shagrenevoy» kul’tury V–IV vv. do n.e. Yuzhnogo Urala [The Cemetery Valit-2 and the Problem of Dating of the “Shagreen” Culture of the 5th–4th Centuries BC of South Urals]. In: B.А. Baytanaev, А.Z. Beysenov (eds.), Arkheologiya Kazakhstana v epokhu nezavisimosti: itogi, perspektivy [The Archaeology of Kazakhstan in the Period of Independence: Results, Perspecives]. Vol. 2. Almaty, 65–79.
Istvánovits, E., Kulcsár, V. 2017: Sarmatians – History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People (Monographien des RGZM 123). Mainz.
Jianhua, Y. 2011: Gender Relationships among the “Xiongnu” as refl ected in Burial Patterns. In: Xiongnu Archaeology, 243–260.
Kappes, H., Liesen, B. 1996: Mollusken in römi schen Gräbern des Niederrheingebiets. Thetis 3, 129–135.
Kat. Frankfurt 2003: B. Gossel-Raeck, D. Stutzinger (Hrsg.), Steppengold. Grabschätze der Skythen und Sarmaten am unteren Don. Frankfurt.
Kat. Mannheim 2007: A. Wieczorek, C. Lind (Hrsg.), Ursprünge der Seidenstraße. Mannheim– Stuttgart.
Kilunovskaya, М.Е., Leus, P.М. 2017: Iskusstvo kontsa pervogo tysyacheletiya do n.e. v Tuve [The Art of the Late First Millennium BC in Tuva]. Kratkie soobscheniya Instituta arkheologii [Brief Reports of the Institute of Archaeology] 247, 87–104.
Knigge, U. 1976: Der Südhügel (Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 9). Berlin.
Kost, C. 2011: Studien zur Bildpraxis im nordchinesischen Steppenraum vom 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis zur Zeitenwende. Dissertation, LMU München. München.
Kost, C. 2014: The Practice of Imagery in the Northern Chinese Steppe (5th –1st Centuries BCE) (BCAA 6). Bonn.
Kost, C. 2017: Heightened Receptivity: Steppe Objects and Steppe Infl uences inRoyal Tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. Journal of the American Oriental Society 137. 2, 349–381.
Kovacs, L. 2008: Vulvae, Eyes, Snake Heads Archaeological Finds of Cowrie Amulets (BAR International Ser. 1846). Oxf.
Kovpanenko, G.Т. 1986: Sarmatskoe pogrebenie I v. n.e. na Yuzhnom Buge [A Sarmatian Burial of the 1st Century AD in the South Bug Region]. Kiev.
Kosyanenko, V.М. 2008: Nekropol’ Kobyakova gorodishcha (po materialam raskopok 1956– 1962 gg.) [The Necropolis of the Kobyakovo Fortifi ed Settlement (after the Excavation Materials of 1956–1962] (Donskie drevnosti [The Don Antiquities] 9). Azov.
Krasnoperov, A.A. 2013: Busy Nyrgyndy [The Beads of Nyrgynda], https://www.academia. edu/3156851/
Kris, Kh.I. 1981: Kizil-kobinskaya kul’tura i tavry [The Kizil-Koba Culture and the Taurians] (Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] Д1-27). Moscow.
Krivosheev, М.V. 2005: Pozdnesarmatskaya kul’tura yuzhnoy chasti mezhdurech’ya Volgi i Dona. Problemy khronologii i periodizatsii [Late Sarmatian Culture of the Southern Part of Volga-Don Interfl uve. Problems of Chronology and Periodization]. Ph.D. Dissertation Volgograd.
Ktalav, I., Borowski, O. 2010: Molluscs from Iron Age Tel Ḥalif. Tel Aviv 37, 126–135.
Landolfi, M. 2004: Cypraea pantherina, Gasteropode dell’Oceano indiano e ornamento della Civiltà Picena. Preistoria Alpina. Suppl. 1 40. Trento, 97–100.
Larson, K.A. 2018: Personal Adornment: Glass, Stone, Bone, and Shell. In: A.M. Berlin, S.C. Herbert (eds.), Decorative Wall Plaster, Objects of Personal Adornment and Glass Counters, Tools for Textile Manufacture and Miscellaneous Bone, Terracotta and Stone Figurines, Pre-Persian Pottery, Attic Pottery, and Medieval Pottery. Ann Arbor. 79–136.
Lennartz, A. 2004: Die Meeresschnecke Cypraea als Amulett im Frühen Mittelalter. Eine Neubewertung. BJb 204, 163–232.
Leus, P. 2011: New Finds from the Xiongnu Period in Central Tuva. Preliminary Communication. In: Xiongnu Archaeology, 515–536.
Leus, P.M., Bel’skiy, S.V. 2016: Terezin I – mogil’nik epokhu khunnu v Tsentral’noy Tuve [Terezin I – the Cemetery of the Xiongnu Period in Central Tuva]. Arkheologicheskie vesti [Archaeological News] 22, 93–104.
Levchenko, B.M., Levchenko, N.B., Grechko, D.S. 2015: Kurgany ranneskifskogo vremeni u s. Medvin v Poros’e (po materialam raskopok 1984–1985 gg.) [The Burial-mounds of the Early Scythian Period near the Village of Medvin in Ros’ Basin (after the Materials of Excavations of 1984–1985]. Arkheologіya і davnya іstorіya Ukraїni [Archaeology and Ancient History of the Ukraine] 2 (15), 202–218.
Linduff, K.M. 2008: The Gender of Luxury and power among the Xiongnu in Eastern Eurasia. In: K.M. Linduff, K.S. Rubinson (eds.), Are all Warriors Male? Gender Roles on the Ancient Eurasian Steppe. Lanham, 175–211.
Ling, P. 2011: A Summary of Xiongnu Sites within the Northern Periphery of China. In: Xiongnu Archaeology, 463–474.
Litvinskiy, B.А. 1973: Ukrasheniya iz mogil’nikov Zapadnoy Fergany [Ornamentations from the Cemeteries of Western Ferghana]. Moscow.
Litvinskiy, B.А., Solov‘ev, V.S. 1985: Srednevekovaya kul’tura Tokharistana [The Medieval Culture of Tokharistan]. Moscow.
Li Yung-Ti 2003: On the Functions of Cowries in the Shang and Western Zhou China. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 5, 1–26.
Ljuština, M., Radišić, T., Ninčić, I, 2019: Exotic Goods from the Eearly Iron Age Necropolis Stubarlija, Serbia, as Indicators of Cultural Contacts. In: V. Sîrbu, C. Schuster, D. Hortopan (eds.), Border Guards of the Passes, from the Fortresses and the Graves. The Bronze and Iron Ages. Proceedings of the 17th International Colloquium of Funerary Archaeology. Târgu Jiu, Gorj County (Romania) 4th–7th October 2018. Târgu Jiu, Brăila, 139–148.
Maksimenko, V.E. 1979: Otchet o raskopkakh Sladkovskogo kurgannogo mogil’nika v Tatsinskom rayone Rostovskoy oblasti v 1978 g. [Report on the Excavations of Sladkovskiy kurgan necropolis in Tatsinki district of the Rostov region in 1978]. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences. R-1. No. 7094.
Maksimenko, V.E., Savchenko, Е.I. 1984: Rannesarmatskoe pogrebenie v Novocherkasske [An Early Sarmatian Burial in Novocherkassk]. In: K.F. Smirnov. Sarmaty i utverzhdenie ikh politicheskogo gospodstva v Skifi i [The Sarmatians and the Assertion of their Political Domination in Scythia]. Moscow, 156–161.
Malyshev, A.A. 2008: Pogrebal’nyy inventar’ Tsemdolinskogo nekropolya [The Burial Inventory of the Tsemdolina Necropolis]. In: A.A. Malyshev (ed.), Aspurgiane na yugo-vostoke aziatskogo Bospora: po materialam Tsemdolinskogo mogil’nika [The Aspurgians in the South-West of the Asian Bosporus: after the Materials of the Tsemdolina Necropolis] (Nekropoli Chernomor’ya [The Pontic Necropoleis] 2). Moscow, 135–179.
Mamontov, V.I. 1995: Pogrebenie znatnogo voina iz kurgana u pos. Pervomayskiy [The Burial of a Noble Warrior from the Burial-mound near Pervomayskiy Settlement]. Donskie drevnosti [The Don Antiquities] 4, 169–178.
Mamontov, V.I. 2000: Drevnee naselenie levoberezh’ya Dona (po materialam mogil’nika Pervomayskiy VII) [The Ancient Population of the Left Bank of Don (after the Materials of Pervomayskiy VII Cemetery)]. Volgograd.
Marčenko, I.I., Limberis, N.J. 2008: Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Denkmälern des Kubangebietes. In: A. Simonenko, I.I. Marčenko, N.J. Limberis, Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern (Archäologie in Eurasien 25). Mainz, 267–400.
Marchenko, K.K., Zhitnikov, V.G., Kopylov, V.P. 2000: Elizavetovskoe gorodishche na Donu [Elizavetovskoe Fortifi ed Settlement on the Don River] (Pontus Septrionalis II; Tanais 2). Moscow.
Maslov, V.Е. 1999: O datirovke izobrazheniy na poyasnykh plastinakh iz Orlatskogo mogil’nika. In: А.I. Melyukova, М.G. Moshkova, V.A. Bashilov (eds.), Evraziyskie drevnosti. 100 let B.N. Grakovu: arkhivnye materialy, publikatsii, stat‘i [Eurasian Antiquities. 100-Anniversary of B.N. Grakov: Archive Materials, Publications, Articles]. Moscow, 219–236.
Masson, М.Е., Pugachenkova, G.А. 1959: Parfyanskie ritony Nisy [The Parthian Rhyta of Nysa] (Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenskoy arkheologicheskoy kompleksnoy ekspeditsii [Proceedings of the South Turkmenian Archaeological Complex Expedition IV). Ashkhabad.
Mazhitov, N.A., Pshenichnyuk, A.Kh. Kamyshly-Tamakskiy mogil’nik [The Kamyshly-Tamak Cemetery]. In: R.G. Kuzeev (ed.), Arkheologiya i etnografi ya Bashkirii [Archaeology and Ethnography of Bashkiria]. Vol. III. Ufa, 38–58.
Mederos, A., Escribano, G. 2006: Mare Purpureum. Producción y comercio de la púrpura en el litoral Atlántico Norteafricano. Rivista di Studi Fenici XXXIV, 1, 71–96.
Medvedev, A.P. 2008: Sarmaty v verhov’yah Tanaisa [The Sarmatians in the Upper Reaches of Tanais]. Moscow.
Miller, B.K. 2011: Permutations of Peripheries in the Xiongnu Empire. In: Xiongnu Archaeology, 559–578.
Minyaev, S. 2000: The Origins of the “Geometric Style” in Hsiung nu Art. In: J. Davis-Kimball, E.M. Murphy, L. Koryakova, L.T. Yablonsky (eds.), Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age (BAR International Ser. 890). Oxford, 293–303.
Minyaev, S.S. 2007: Durestuyskiy mogil’nik [Durestuy Necropolis] (Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Syunnu [Archaeological Monuments of Xiongnu]] 3). 2nd rev. ed. Saint Petersburg.
Miniaev, S. 2019: Some Features of “Xiongnu” Composite Belts. In: S.A. Lullo, L.V. Wallace (eds.), The Art and Archaeology of Bodily Adornment Studies from Central and East Asian Mortuary Contexts. London, 41–53.
Morand, N. 2020: The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade. Anthropozoologica 55 (1), 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropo zoologica2019v55a1. http://anthropozoologica. com/55/1
Mordvintseva, V.I., Treister, М.Yu. 2007: Proizvedeniya torevtiki i yuvelirnogo iskusstva v Severnom Prichernomor’e. II v. do n.e. – II v. n.e. [The Items of Toreutics and Jewellery Art in the North Pontic Area. 2nd Century BC – 2nd Century AD]. Simferopol–Bonn.
Negmatov, N.N., Mirbabaev, A.K., Abdurasulov, M.A. 1976: Nachalo raskopok gorodishcha Shirin (predvaritel’noe soobshchenie) [The Beginning of the Excavations of Shirin Fortifi ed Settlement (Preliminary Report)]. Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Tadzhikistane [Archaeological Excavations in Tadjikistan] XVI, 297–307.
Nikolaev, N.N. 2010: Znamenskiy klad [Znamenka Treasure]. In: O.A. Fedoseenko (ed.), Yantar’ v drevnikh kul’turakh. Khudozhestvennye proizvedeniya iz sobraniya Ermitazha [Amber in Ancient Cultures. Works of Art from the Hermitage Collection]. Saint Petersburg, 54–59.
Nikonorov, V.P., Khudyakov, Yu.S. 1999: Izobrazheniya voinov iz Orlatskogo mogil’nika [The Images of Warriors from Orlat Necropolies]. In: O.A. Mit’ko (ed.), Evraziya: kul’turnoe nasledie drevnix tsivilizatsiy. Iss. 2. Gorizonty Evrazii. Sbornik nauchnykh statey [Eurasia: Cultural Heritage of Ancient Civilizations. Vol. 2. The Horizons of Eurasia. Collection of scientifi c articles]. Novosibirsk, 141–154.
Niveau de Villedary y Mariсas, Ana Ma, Abia Maestre, Ana Ma 2014: El simbolismo del Murex en contextos funerarios y rituales. In: J.J. Cantillo, D. Bernal, J. Ramos (eds.), Moluscos y púrpura en contextos arqueológicos atlántico-mediterráneos: nuevos datos y refl exiones en clave de proceso histórico: actas de la III reunión científi ca de arqueomalacología de la Península Ibérica, celebrada en Cádiz los días 3 y 4 de diciembre de 2012 (Ceimar 10). Cádiz, 287–298.
Odbaatar, Ts. 2011: Xiongnu Belts. In: G. Ėrėgzėn (ed.), Treasures of the Xiongnu / Г. Эрэгзэн (ред.), Хүннүгийн өв. Улаанбаатар / Ulaanbaatar, 130–141.
Olbrycht, M. 2015: Arsacid Iran and the Nomads of Central Asia – Ways of Cultural Transfer. In: J. Bemmann, M. Schmauder (eds.), Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE (BCAA 7). Bonn, 333–390.
Papi, R. 2006: Amuleti antichi e moderni della Collezione Pansa. In: D. Caiazza (ed.), Samniticiae Loqui. Studi in onore di Aldo Prosdocimi per il premio I Sanniti. II. Montesarchio- Cervinara, 203–226.
Podushkin, A.N. 2000: Arysskaya kul’tura Yuzhnogo Kazakhstana IV v. do n.e. – VI v. n.e. [The Aryss Culture of South Kazakhstan 4th Century BC – 6th Century AD]. Turkestan.
Podushkin, А.N. 2011: Khan’skoe zerkalo iz katakomby 12 mogil’nika Kultobe [The Han Mirror from the Catacomb 12 of the Kultobe Burial-ground]. Voprosy arkheologii Kazakhstana [The Questions of the Archaeology of Kazakhstan] 3, 363–373.
Podushkin, А.N. 2012: K etnicheskoy istorii gosudarstva Kangyuy II v. do n.e. – I v. n.e. (po materialam mogil’nikov Orlat i Kul’tobe) [To the Ethnic History of Kangyuy State in the 2nd Century BC – 1st Century AD (after the Materials of Necropoleis Orlat and Kul’tobe)]. Stratum plus 4, 31–53.
Podushkin, А.N. 2015а: Egipetskiy fayans v pogrebeniyakh mogil’nikov Kylyshzhar i Kul’tobe Yuzhnogo Kazakhstana [Egyptian Faience from the Burials of the Necropoleis of South Kazakhstan]. Stratum plus 3, 307–320.
Podushkin, А.N. 2015b: Sarmatskaya atributika v arkheologicheskikh kompleksakh katakombnykh pogrebeniy Arysskoy kul’tury Yuzhnogo Kazakhstana (I v. do n. e. – III v. n.e.) [Sarmatian Paraphernalia in the Archaeological Complexes of Catacomb Burials of the Aryss Culture of the South Kazakhstan (1st Century BC – 3rd Century AD)]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya [The Journal of the Volgograd State University] Series 4, History 5 (35), 67–78.
Podushkin, A.N. 2018: Tamgo-obraznye znaki iz katakomb arysskoy kul’tury Yuzhnogo Kazakhstana III v. do – IV v. n.e. [Tamga-shaped signs from the catacombs of the Aryss culture of South Kazakhstan of the 3rd century BC – 4th century AD]. Mir Bol’shogo Altaya. Mezhdunarodnyy nauchnyy zhurnal [World of the Great Altai. International research journal] 4(1), 61–101.
Poppa, R. 1978: Kamid el-Loz 2. Der eisenzeitliche Friedhof (Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 18). Bonn.
Prokopenko, Yu.A. 2014: Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoy kul‘tury v Tsentral‘nom Predkavkaz‘e vo vtoroy polovine I tys. do n.e. [Scythians, Sarmatians and the tribes of Koban culture in the Central Ciscaucasia in the second half of the 1st millennium BC]. Pts. 1–2. Stavropol’.
Prummel, W. 2005: Molluscs from a Middle Bronze Age site and two Hellenistic sites in Thessaly, Greece. In: Archaeomalacology, 107–121.
Pugachenkova, G.А. 1987: Obraz kangyuytsa v sogdiyskom iskusstve [The image of the Kangju in the Sogdian art]. In: G.А. Pugachenkova (ed.), Iz khudozhestvennoy sokrovishchnitsy Srednego Vostoka [From the Art Treasury of the Middle East]. Tashkent, 56–65.
Pugachenkova, G.А.1989а: Drevnosti Miankalya. Iz rabot Uzbekistanskoy iskusstvovedcheskoy ekspeditsii [Antiquities of Miankal. From the Works of the Uzbekistan Art History Expedition]. Tashkent.
Pugachenkova, G.А.1989b: Obrazy yuechzhiytsev i kangyuytsev v iskusstve Baktrii i Sogda [Images of Yuezhi and Kangju Peoples in the Art of Bactria and Sogd]. In: G.А. Pugachenkova (ed.), Antichnye i rannesrednevekovye drevnosti Yuzhnogo Uzbekistana [Ancient and Early Medieval Antiquities of South Uzbekistan]. Tashkent, 96–110.
Puzdrovskii, A.E. 2005: A Tomb of Early Roman Period from the Region of Scythian Neapolis. ACSS 11, 85–106.
Puzdrovskiy, А.Е. 2007: Krymskaya Skifi ya. II v. do n.e. – III v. n.e. Pogrebal’nye pamyatniki [Crimean Scythia. 2nd Century BC. – 3rd Century AD. Funeral monuments]. Simferopol.
Puzdrovskiy, A.E., Trufanov, A.A. 2017: Polevye issledovaniya Ust’-Al’minskogo nekropolya v 2000–2003 gg. [Field investigations of the Ust’-Al’ma necropolis in 2000–2003] (Ust’- Al’minskoe gorodishche i nekropol’ v Yugo-Zapadnom Krymu [Ust’-Al’ma fortifi ed settlement and necropolis in South-Western Crimea] 3). Simferopol–Moscow.
Puzikova, A.I. 2001: Kurgannye mogil’niki skifskogo vremeni Srednego Podon’ya (publikaciya kompleksov) [Kurgan Necropoleis of the Scythian Period of the Middle-Don Region (Publication of Complexes)]. Moscow.
Radomska, M. 2016: Child Burials at Saqqara:Ptolemaic Necropolis West of the Step Pyramid. Études et Travaux XXIX, 169–202.
Reese, D.S. 1991: The Trade of Indo-Pacifi c Shells into the Mediterranean Basin and Europe. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10, 159–196.
Reese, D.S. 2010: Shells from Sarepta (Lebanon) and East Mediterranean Purple-dye Production. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 10.1, 113–141.
Rtveladze, E.V. 1983: Mogil’nik kushanskogo vremeni u Yalangtush-tepe [The Necropolis of the Kushan Period near Yalangtush-tepe]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 2, 125–143.
Rtveladze, E.V. 2012: Velikiy indiyskiy put’: iz istorii vazhneyshikh torgovykh dorog Evrazii [Great Indian Road: from the history of the most important trade routes of Eurasia]. Saint Petersburg.
Rykov, P.S. 1925: Suslovskiy kurgannyy mogil’nik [Suslov Kurgan necropolis]. Uchenye zapiski Saratovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Scientifi c Notes of the Saratov State University] 4.3, 28–102.
Scatozza Höricht, L.A. 1989: I monili di Ercolano (Cataloghi / Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei, 3). Roma.
Schönfelder, M. 2001: Die etruskischen Bronzebecken aus dem Samsbacher Forst, Lkr. Jahrbuch des RGZM 48, 309–335.
Selbitschka, A. 2010: Prestigeguter entlang der Seidenstrase? Archäologische und historische Untersuchungen zu Chinas Beziehungen zu Kulturen des Tarimbeckens vom zweiten bis frühen fünften Jahrhundert nach Christus (Asiatische Forschungen 154). Wiesbaden.
Semenov V.A. 2003: Suglug-Khem i Khayyrakan – mogil’niki skifskogo vremeni v tsentral’notuvinskoy kotlovina [Suglug-Khem and Khayyrakan – the Cemeteries of the Scythian Period in the Central Tuva Depression]. Saint Petersburg.
Semenov V.A. 2010: Usuni na severe Tsentral’noy Azii [The Wusun in the North of Central Asia]. Arkheologiya, etnografi ya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia] 3 (43), 99–110.
Shul’ga, P.I., Umanskiy, A.P., Mogil’nikov, A.V. 2009: Novotroitskiy nekropol’ [The Novotroitsk Necropolis]. Barnaul.
Simonenko, A.V. 2008: Römische Importe in sarmatischen Denkmälern des nördlichen Schwarzmeergebietes. In: A. Simonenko, I.I. Marčenko, N.J. Limberis, Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern (Archäologie in Eurasien 25). Mainz, 1–264.
Simonenko, А.V., Lobay, B.I. 1991: Sarmaty Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomor’ya v I v. n.e. [The Sarmatians of the North-Western Pontic Area]. Kiev.
Sinika, V.S., Zakordonets, O.A. 2018: Rakoviny iz skifskikh pogrebeniy Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomor’ya [The shells from the Scythian burials of the North-Western Pontic area]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Seriya Istoriya i fi lologiya [The Journal of the Udmurt university. Series history and philology] 28.1, 81–87.
Sinitsyn, I.V. 1959: Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya Zavolzhskogo otryada (1951–1953 gg.) [Archaeological Investigations of the Trans-Volga Department (1951–1953)]. In: E.I. Krupnov (ed.), Pamyatniki Nizhnego Povolzh’ya [Monuments of the Lower Volga Region]. Vol. 1 (Itogi rabot Stalingradskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii [The Results of Works of the Stalingrad Archaeological Expedition] 1; Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR [Materials and Studies on the Archaeology of the USSR] 60). Moscow, 39–205.
Sinitsyn, I.V. 1960: Drevnie pamyatniki v nizov’yakh Eruslana [Ancient Monuments in the Lower Reaches of Eruslan]. In: E.I. Krupnov, K.F. Smirnov (eds.), Drevnosti Nizhnego Povolzh’ya [Antiquities of the Lower Volga Region] (Itogi rabot Stalingradskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii [The Results of Works of the Stalingrad Archaeological Expedition] II; Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR [Materials and Studies on the Archaeology of the USSR] 78). Moscow, 10–168.
Sirotin, S.V., Treister, M.Yu. 2014: Pogrebenie s blizhnevostochnymi (?) i tsentral’no-aziatskimi importami iz kurgana Yakovlevka II [A Burial with Near Eastern (?) and Central Asian Imports from the Yakovlevka II Burial-mound]. In: L.T. Yablonskiy, N.S. Savel’ev (eds.), Materialy VIII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii «Problemy sarmatskoy arkheologii i istorii» [Materials of the VIII International Scientifi c Conference “Problems of the Sarmatian archeology and History”] (Ufi mskiy arkheologicheskiy vestnik [Ufa archaeological journal] 14). Ufa, 207–217.
Smirnov, K.F. 1964: Savromaty (rannyaya istoriya i kul’tura sarmatov) [The Sauromatians (Early History and Culture of the Sarmatians)]. Moscow.
Smirnov, K.F. 1984: Sarmaty i utverzhdenie ikh politicheskogo gospodstva v Skifi i [The Sarmatians and the Assertion of their Political Domination in Scythia]. Moscow.
Smirnov, K.F., Petrenko, V.G. 1963: Savromaty Povolzh’ya i Yuzhnogo Priural’ya [The Sauromatians of the Volga and South Urals Regions] (Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources] Д1–9). Moscow.
Spasić-Đurić, Dr. L. 2015: Значаj и функциja љуштура пужева Cypraea tigris и C. pantherina у римским гробовима у Горњоj Мезиjи. Зборник Народног Музеja – Београд XXII/1. Археологија, 259–277.
Stolba, V.F. 2009: Busy, podveski i amulety: Vera v sglaz u grecheskogo i mestnogo naseleniya Tavriki [Beads, Pendants and Amulets: Faith in the Evil Eye of the Greek and the Local Population of Taurica]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 109–128.
Stoyanova, А.А. 2016: Podveski iz mogil’nika Neyzats [The Pendants from the Neysats Necropolis]. In: I.N. Khrapunov (ed.), Krym v sarmatskuyu epokhu (II v. do n. e. – IV v. n. e.). II. 20 let issledovaniy mogil’nika Neyzats. [The Crimea in the Sarmatian Period (2nd Century BC – 4th Century AD.). II. 20 Years of Research at the Neysats Burial-ground]. Simferopol, 122–165.
Stroszeck, J. 2012: Grave Gifts in Child Burials in the Athenian Kerameikos, The Evidence of Sea Shells. In: A. Hermary, C. Dubois (eds.), L’ Enfant et la mort dans l’ Antiquité III. Le matériel associé aux tombes d’ enfants. Actes de la table ronde internationale organisée à la Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’ Homme (MMSH), d’ Aix-en Provence, 20–22 janvier 2011 (Bibliothèque d’Archéologie Méditerranéenne et Africaine 12). Paris–Aix-en- Provence, 57–75.
Strzheletskiy, S.F., Vysotskaya, T.N., Ryzhova, L.A., Zhestkova, G.I. 2003–2004: Naselenie okrugi Khersonesa v pervoy polovine I tysyacheletiya novoy ery (po materialam nekropolya «Sovkhoz № 10») [The Population of the Vicinities of Chersonesos in the First Half of the 1st Millennium AD (after the Materials of the Necropolis “Sovkhoz No. 10)]. Stratum plus 4, 27–277.
Symonovich, E.A. 1983: Naselenie stolitsy pozdneskifskogo tsarstva [The Population of the Capital of the Late Scythian Kingdom]. Kiev.
Teterin, Yu.V. 2012: Poyasnye podveski Yuzhnoy Sibiri pozdneskifskogo vremeni [The Belt Pendants of South Siberia of the Late Scythian Period]. Vestnik NGU. Seriya Istoriya, filologiya [Journal of the Novosibirsk State University. Series History, Philology] 11, iss. 7: Archaeology and Ethnography, 117–124.
Then-Obłuska, J. 2016c: Trade and Faith in Nubian Early Makuria (AD 450–550): Macroscopic Examination of Personal Adornments from Elzuma in Nubia. PAM 25, 741–760.
Then-Obłuska, J., Pleşa, A.D. 2019: Roman to Islamic Beads and Pendants from Matmar and Mostagedda, Middle Egypt. BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 31, 50–74.
Theodoropoulou, T. 2008: From Sea to Land: The Exploitation of Molluscs in the Geometric Artisan Site of Skala Oropou, Attica. In: Y. Facorellis, N. Zaharias, K. Polikreti (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 28–31 May 2003 (BAR International Ser. 1746). Oxford, 205–214.
Theodoropoulou, T. 2013: The Sea in the Temple? Shells, fi sh and corals from the Sanctuary of the Ancient Town of Kythnos and Other Marine Stories of Cult. In: G. Ekroth, J. Hjohlman (eds.), Bones, Behaviour and Belief. The Osteological Evidence as a Source for Greek Ritual Practice (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen in 4o 55). Stockholm, 197–222.
Theodoropoulou, T. 2014: Dead from the sea: worn shells in Aegean prehistory. In: Archaeomalacology, 77–90.
Theodoropoulou, T. 2017: A sea of luxury: marine-origin luxury items and dyes in the 7th century BC. In: X. Charalambidou, C. Morgan (eds.), Interpreting the seventh century BC: Tradition, innovation and meaning. Oxford, 80–92.
Toll, N. 1946: The Necropolis. Preliminary Report of the Ninth Season of Work 1935–1936 (Excavations at Dura Europos. Part II). New Haven.
Treister, M. 2002: Two Golden Bracelets from Olbia in the Walters Art Gallery. ACSS 8, 17–68.
Treister, M. 2004: Cloisonné-and Champlevé-decoration in the Gold Work of the Late Hellenistic – Early Imperial Periods. Acta Archaeologica 75.2, 189–219.
Treister, M.Yu. 2007: Vstavki gemm (za isklyucheniem perstney) [Inlays of Gems (except for Finger Rings)]. In: V.I. Mordvintseva, M.Yu. Treister (red.), Proizvedeniya torevtiki i yuvelirnogo iskusstva v Severnom Prichernomor’e. II v. do n.e. – II v. n.e. [Toreutics and Jewelry Objects from the North Pontic Area. 2nd Century BC – 2nd Century AD] Vol. I. Simferopol– Bonn, 295–305.
Treister, M.Yu. 2008: Izdeliya iz bronzy, kosti i ukrasheniya [Items of Bronze, Bone and Ornamentations]. In: M.Yu. Treister (ed.), Trekhbratnie kurgany. Kurgannaya gruppa vtoroy poloviny IV–III vv. do n.e. v Vostochnom Krymu [Three-Brothers Burial-mounds. A Kurgan Group of the Second Half of the 4th – 3rd Centuries BC in the Eastern Crimea]. Simferopol– Bonn, 105–122.
Treister, M.Yu. 2012: Akhemenidskie yuvelirnye ukrasheniya i ukrasheniya kostyuma iz dragotsennykh metallov iz Yuzhnogo Priural’ya. Izdeliya akhemenidskogo kruga i mestnye podrazhaniya. Proizvedeniya postakhemenidskoy traditsii [Achaemenid jewellery ornaments and decorations of costume from the precious metals from South Urals. The items of Achaemenid circle and local imitations. The works of post-Achaemenid tradition]. In: M.Yu. Treister, L.T. Yablonsky (eds.), Vliyaniya akhemenidskoy kul’tury v Yuzhnom Priural’e (V–III vv. do n.e.) [The Infl uences of the Achaemenid Culture in the South Urals]. Vol. I. Moscow, 134–167.
Treister, M.Yu., Shemakhanskaya, M.S., Yablonskiy, L.T. 2012: A10. Kompleksy s predmetami akhemenidskogo kruga mogil’nika Pokrovka [А10. The Complexes with the Items of the Achaemenid Circle of Pokrovka Necropolis]. In: M.Yu. Treister, L.T. Yablonsky (eds.), Vliyaniya akhemenidskoy kul’tury v Yuzhnom Priural’e (V–III vv. do n.e.) [The Influences of the Achaemenid Culture in the South Urals]. Vol. 2. Moscow, 54–64.
Trifanova, S.V., Soenov, V.I. 2012: Ukrasheniya naseleniya Altaya gunno-sarmatskogo vremeni (II v. do n.e. – V v. n.e.) [The Ornamentations of the Population of Altay of the Hunno-Sarmatian Period (2nd Century BC – 5th Century AD]. Istoricheskie, fi losofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki [Historical, Philosophical, Political and Legal Sciences, Cultural Studies and Art History. Questions of Theory and Practice] 10 (24). Tambov, 192–195.
Trifanova, S.V., Soenov, V.I. 2018: Kostyanye ukrasheniya naseleniya Altaya gunno-sarmatskogo vremeni [Bone Ornamentations of the Population of Altay of the Hunno-Sarmatian Period]. Genesis: исторические исследования [Genesis: Historical Studies] 12, 110–123, https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28417
Voronyatov, S.V. 2012: O probleme poyavleniya sarmatskikh tamg i antropomorfnykh izobrazheniy v arealakh pozdned’yakovskoy i moshchinskoy kul’tur [On the Problem of the Appearance of Sarmatian Tamgas in the Areas of the Late D’yakovo and Moshchino Cultures]. Rossiyskiy arkheologicheskiy ezhegodnik [Russian Archaeological Yearbook] 2, 412–432.
Wehry, B. 2013: Zwischen Orient und Okzident. Das arsakidenzeitliche Gräberfeld von Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad/Magdala. Diss. Freie Universität Berlin. Berlin.
Yablonskiy, L.T. 2010: Prokhorovka. U istokov sarmatskoy arkheologii [Prokhorovka. At the sources of the Sarmatian archaeology]. Moscow.
Yakovenko, E.V. 1987: «Lavka yuvelira» na Elizavetivskomu gorodishchi [“Jeweler’s shop” on the Elizavetinskoe Fortifi ed Settlement]. Arkheologiya [Archaeology (Kiev)] 60, 83–91.
Yang, J., Shao, H., Pan, L. 2020: The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe. The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road. Singapore.
Yasakov, V.S. 2020: Funktsional’noe naznachenie rakovin kauri (seredina II tys. do n.e. – XIX v. n.e.) [The Functional Purpose of the Cowrie Shells (Mid-2nd Millennium BC – 19th Century AD)]. In: LII Uralo-Povolzhskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya studentov i molodykh uchyonykh (UPASK, 5–9 fevralya 2020 g.): materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii studentov, aspirantov, molodykh uchenykh [LII Ural-Volga Archaeological Conference of Students and Young Scientists (UPASK, February 5–9, 2020): Materials of the All-Russian Scientifi c and Practical conference of Students, Graduate Students, Young Scientists]. Perm’, 451–453.
Yatsenko, S.A. 2000: Epicheskiy syuzhet iranoyazychnykh kochevnikov v drevnostyakh stepnoy Evrazii [The Epic Subject of the Iranian-speaking Nomads in Antiquities of the Steppe Eurasia]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 86–104.
Zav‘yalov, V.А. 2008: Kushanshakhr pri Sasanidakh (po materialam raskopok gorodishcha Zartepa) [Kushanshahr under the Sassanids (based on the Excavation Materials of Zartepa Fortified Settlement)] (Trudy Instituta istorii material’noy kul’tury [Transactions of the Institute of History of the Material Culture] XXVII). Saint Petersburg.
Zhelezchikov, B.F. 1998: Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Ural’skoy oblasti [Archaeological Sites of the Ural Region]. Volgograd.
Zhelezchikov, B.F. 2000: Sarmatskie pogrebeniya v mogil’nike Alebastrovo I [Sarmatian Burials in Alebastrovo I Burial-ground]. Nizhnevolzhskiy arkheologicheskiy vestnik [Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin] 3, 294–308.