Abstract
The papers attempts to identify (mainly on the example of the ancient states of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea region and the barbarian tribes of the north-eastern near and far periphery of the ancient world) the main theoretical aspects and problems of studying the infl uence of military-political factors on the trade of the ancient era. The following main aspects are considered: refl ection in various categories of data sources concerning the military-political influence on trade, the mechanisms and the degree of their impact as well.
The need for a comprehensive analysis of various types of sources to identify the impact of certain military-political events on the development of trade is noted. It involves the identifi cation of a combination of data from written sources, evidence of military confl icts at archaeological sites, as well as coin hoards (if any), and evidence of changes in trade recorded by categories of imported items that arrived in a commercial way. In this case, the data should relate to a rather narrow chronological segment and one territory, or to different territories, that were in close contact with each other.
It is shown that to a greater extent the effect of wars on the development of trade relations was negative and could be manifested through the adoption of offi cial decisions and the creation of special bodies (subject to reinforcement by military force), the impact on trade routes, cities, settlements and trading points, agriculture, fi nance and human resources. However, in some areas and cases (primarily the slave trade and arms trade), military confl icts stimulated the development of trade. It is noted that the degree of infl uence of military-political factors on trade could be different: insignifi cant, limited (relating only to strategic goods), high for a long time or a short period, but sufficient to cause catastrophic consequences under certain conditions.
Keywords
Eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, military conflicts, migration, trade, antique import, Greeks, barbarian periphery of the Classical world.
Abramzon, M.G., Novichikhin A.M. 2014: Dva monetnykh klada Mitridatovskogo vremeni s yugo-vostochnoy okrainy Bospora [Two Hoards of the Mithridatic Period from the Southeastern Outlying Districts of the Bosporus]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 78/2, 333–348
Bezuglov, S.I. 2001: Nakhodki antichnykh monet v pogrebeniyakh kochevnikov na Nizhnem Donu [Finds of Ancient Coins in the Nomadic Burials of the Lower Don Reaches]. Donskaya arkheologiya [Donskaya arkheologiya] 1–2, 57–61.
Belikov, A.P. 2003: Торговля Родоса с Северным Причерноморьем после 168 г. до н.э. [Rhodian trade with the North Black Sea region after 168 BC]. In: V.P. Kopylov (ed.), Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya v basseyne Chyernogo morya v drevnosti i srednevekov’e [International relations in the Black Sea Region in ancient and medieval times]. Rostov-on-Don, 36–37.
Brashinskiy, I.B. 1963: Afi ny i Severnoe Prichernomor’e v VI–II vv. do n.e. [Athens and the North Black Sea region in the 6th to 2nd centuries BC.]. Мoscow.
Brashinskiy, I.B. 1973: Pontiyskoe piratstvo [Pontic Piracy]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 124–133.
Brashinskiy, I.B. 1984: Metody issledovaniya antichnoy torgovli [Research Methods of Ancient Trade]. Leningrad.
Chaniotis, А. 2013: Voyna v ellinisticheskom mire: sotsial’naya i kulturnaya istoriya [War in the Hellenistic World: A social and cultural history]. Saint Petersburg.
Garlan, Y. 2000: Amphores et timbres amphoriques grecs: entre erudition et ideologie (Memoires de l’Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres XXI). Paris.
Foxhall, L. 2003: Farming and fi ghting in ancient Greece. In: J. Rich, G. Shipley (ed.), War and society in The Greek World. London–New York, 134–145.
Koshelenko, G.A., Malyshev, A.A., Ulitin, V.V. 2010: Torgovlya [Trade]. In: G.M. Bongard- Levin, V.D. Kuznetsov (ed.), Antichnoe nasledie Kubani [Ancient Heritage of Kuban] 2. Moscow, 256–289.
Kuznetsova, E.V. 2013: Ekonomicheskie svyazi antichnykh poseleniy Aziatskogo Bospora v VI– III vv. do n.e. (po dannym keramicheskoy tary) [Economic links of the Asian Bosporus in the 4th–3rd cc. BC (based on evidence of pottery containers)]: PhD thesis. Voronezh.
MacDonald, B.R. 1982: The import of Attic pottery to Corinth and the question of trade during the Peloponnesian war. Journal of Hellenistic studies 102, 113–123.
Mielczarek, M. 1989: Ancient Greek Coins Found in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. Wroclaw–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk–Lódź.
Marchenko, I.I. 1996: Siraki Kubani (Po materialam kurgannykh pogrebenii Nizhnei Kubani) [Kuban Siraces (Basing on the Materials from the Barrow Burials from Lower Kuban Region)]. Krasnodar.
Marchenko, K.K., Zhitnikov, V.G., Kopylov, V.P. 2000: Elizavetovskoe gorodishche na Donu [Elizavetovskoe settlement on the Don]. Мoscow.
Molev, E.A. 1995: Vlastitel’ Ponta [The sovereign of Pontus]. Nizhniy Novgorod.
Molev, E.A. 2009: Skify v politicheskoy istorii Bospora VI–II vv. do n.e. [Тhe Scythians in the Political History of Bosporus of the 6th–2nd Centuries ВС]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 155–165.
Monakhov, S.Ju., Kuznetsova, E.V. 2017: Overseas trade in the Black Sea region from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period. In: V. Kozlovskaya (ed.), The Northern Black Sea in Antiquity. Networks, connectivity and cultural interactions. Cambridge, 59–99.
Pershits, A.I. 1994: Voyna i mir na poroge tsivilizatsii: kochevye skotovody [War and peace on the threshold of civilization: nomadic herders]. In: A.I. Pershits (ed.), Voyna i mir v ranney istorii chelovechestva [War and peace in early history of mankind]. Vol. 2. Moscow.
Saprykin, S.Yu. 1996: Pontiyskoe tsarstvo: gosudarstvo grekov i varvarov v Prichernomor’e [The Pontic Kingdom: the state of the Greeks and barbarians in the Black Sea]. Moscow.
Skripkin, A.S. 2010: Sarmaty i Vostok [Sarmatians and the East]. Volgograd.
Skripkin, A.S. 2017: Sarmaty [The Sarmatians]. Volgograd.
Ulitin, V.V. 2013: Torgovye svyazi meotskikh plemyen Prikuban’ya s antichnym mirom v seredine III – pervoy polovine I v. do n.e. (na osnove amfornogo materiala) [Trade relations between the Maeotian tribes of the Kuban and the ancient world from the middle of the 3rd to the first half of the 1st century BC (based on the evidence of amphorae). In: T.A. Pavlenko, R.B. Skhatum, V.V. Ulitin (eds.). III «Anfi movskiye chteniya» po arkheologii Zapadnogo Kavkaza. Pamyatniki rannego khristianstva na Zapadnom Kavkaze. K 1025-letiyu kreshcheniya Rusi [The Third «Anfi mov Readings» on the Archaeology of the Western Caucasus. Monuments of the early Christianity in the Western Caucasus. To the 1025th anniversary of Christianization of Rus] Krasnodar, 140–145.
Simonenko, A.V., Marčenko, I.I., Limberis, N.Ju. 2008: Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern zwischen Unterer Donau und Kuban (Archäologie in Eurasien 25). Mainz–Berlin.
Thorne, J.A. 2001: Warfare and Agriculture: The Economic impact of Devastation in Classical Greece. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 42, 225–253.
Vdovchenkov, E.V., 2016: Voyna kak forma ekonomiki u sarmatov: postanovka problem [War as a form of economy of the Sarmatians:the problem statement]. Prepodavatel’ XXI vek [Professor 21st Century] 3, 229–237.
Vencl, Sl. 1984: War and Warfare in Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3, 116–132.
Vinogradov, Yu.A. 2009: Migratsii kochevnikov Evrazii i nekotorye osobennosti istoricheskogo razvitiya Bospora Kimmeriyskogo [Migrations of nomads in Eurasia and some peculiar features in the historical development of the Cimmerian Bosporus]. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporos Studies] XXII, 5–90.
Wooley, C.L. 1938: Excavations et Al Mina, Suedia. I. The Archaeological Report. Journal of Hellenistic Studies 58, 1–30.