Contents of №14, 2004

N.F. Fedoseev (Kerch) — Jörens Gerhard. Amphorenstempel im Nationalmuseum von Athen. Zu den von H.G.Lolling aufgenommen „Unederten Henkelinschriften“. Mit einem Anhang „Die Amphorenstempel in der Sammlung der Abteilung Athen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institut“. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 1999. 335 s., 4 Taf.

RELIGIOUS POLITICS AMONG GREEK TYRANTS: ROOTS OF THE RULER'S CULT

E.D. Frolov

One of the significant things in political and cultural life of the ancient world was the ruler's cult. It had become widely spread during the epoch of the late antiquity in Hellenistic-Roman period. However the roots of the indicated phenomenon date back to much earlier time. The reason for the statement is – the ruler's cult occurred to be a result of regimes based upon the personal power. Surely, during that early period – political life of Antiquity could not do without such regimes. The article searches the first signs of the ruler's cult formation in the archaic and classical Greece. The aspects of study are: early tyrants' activities (Pisistratus), line of conduct among the powerful politicians and military leaders during the Peloponnesian war (Alcibiades and è Lysandros), the politics of the most outstanding representatives in junior tyranny (Dionisius of Syracusae, Clearchus of Heraklea, Demetrius of Phalerum).

ANTHROPOCENTRISM OF THE GREEK POLIS (THE CASE OF ITS GROWING)

S.M. Perevalov

As it is well known ancient Greek civilization was based on humanistic principles and ideals. It was a human being who was regarded as creative force in history and actually was. A city-state (polis) can be considered as one of the great achievements of Greek genius. Polis was an institution, established by people and for people, in order to create a favourable conditions for realization of human talents. The article deals with the factors, which promoted evolution to that humanistic and anthropocentric model of city-state (polis): peculiarities of Olympian religion, the way of humane orientation in the world, character of Greek law, problem of the «democracy of the minority», advantages and misadvantages of competitive (agonal) ethics.

THE SOVEREIGN OF OLYMPUS. OLYMPIC PANTHEON FORMATION

L.L. Selivanova

The present article deals with sources related to the rise and formation of the Olympic pantheon. The problem is referred to the ideology of the matriarchy and is considered upon the first couple of the Olympic Pantheon. When Zeus seized the power he married the Queen of the defeated, as a result he acquired in particular, some female traits and functions.

A BRIEF ESSAY UPON THE HISTORY OF THE BOSPORUS DURING THE 6th – THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 3rd CENTURIES B.C.

A.A. Zavojkin

The author has taken the attempt to present a brief, but successive summary of the Bosporan history from the 6th century B.C. to the first quarter of the 3rd century B.C. inclusively (that is – beginning with the Greek colonization of the area up to official adoption of the tsar's title by Spartok III). Actually the present work is a detailed division into periods the history of early Bosporus. The author based his suggestions upon chronologically systematized facts taken from the classical literature, epigraphic monuments, numismatics, and archeology. The indicated interval is divided into two large periods: I – period of autonomy among polices (the first quarter of the 6th century B.C. – about 410\405 BC), II – period of formation and development for Spartokidae territorial state (about 410\405 BC – beginning of the 3rd ctntury B.C.). Each period is subdivided into stages that are characterized by the most important changes and events in the course of the history.

THE PHANAGORIAN VAULT WITH THE LEDGE CEILING

V.D. Kuznetsov

The article presents the results of studies made upon the vault dated to the 4th century B.C. that was discovered in 2003 in the Southern necropolis of Phanagoria. The vault is finely survived monumental structure. It should also be notified: the vault was robbed twice in antiquity and then in the Middle Ages or later. Two objects were discovered on the floor of the vault – the copper coin of Panticapaeum of the 4th century B.C. and the Egyptian alabaster vessel of the 4th century c B.C.

THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN LIFE OF BARBARIANS AND GREEKS IN THE NOTHERN BLACK SEA COAST AREA

I.I. Vdovichenko

This article explains the role of musical instruments in the myths and ordinary life of the ancient population of Black Sea Coast region.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF TRADE-ECONOMICAL SITUATION AT THE EUROPEAN BOSPORAN CHORA

G.A. Lomtadze, A.A. Maslennikov

The substantial material is of great importance to the studies of classical import for example the amphorae as containers. The analyses of the information with reference to the marked territory testifies to the local pattern of the complex, integrated highly organized system that was run in accordance with classical traditions and barbarian environment text.

DISCOVERIES OF NEW ANTIQUE VAULTS AT THE NECROPOLIS OF THE ARTESIAN SETTLEMENT IN THE CRIMEAN AZOV REGION

N.I. Vinokurov

The soil necropolis of Artesian settlement has been under research for four years already. The present article deals with excavations of two new vaults, discovered in 2003, that are dated back to the 1st century B.C. – 2nd century A.D. and to the 1st – 2nd centuries A.D.

THE STONE MOULD FOR MIRROR CASTING FROM TANAIS

T.M. Arsenyeva, J. Fornasier

The stone mould for casting round mirrors with the loop in its center was found in Tanais in the southern part of the ancient settlement in 2000. The mould is made of some solid stone; it has a shape of the cylinder with delineations for mirrors on its flat sides. There are two Tanais mirror molds known, dated to the first part of the 3rd century A.D., so a conclusion could be made – the tradition for mirror casting was not interrupted.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE NORTH-WESTERN TAURICA FROM THE TURN OF THE 4th–3rd CENTURY TO THE MID OF THE 2nd CENTURY B.C.

V.M. Zubar’ (Kiev)

The article deals with questions which are connected with history of ancient Greek settlements of the northwestern Taurica formed a part of the territorial state formation made by Chersonesos right up to their finally destruction in the 2nd century BC as a result of Scythian expansion. The author has given special attention to the status of Kerkinitis as a part of Chersonesos state from the turn of the 4th–3rd century BC to the beginning of the 3rd century BC.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCYTHIAN DIRECTION IN ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRIMEA

S.G. Koltukhov

The history of researches of Scythian antiquities in Crimea testifies that the formation Crimean scythian archaeology concerns only to 50th to years of the past century. Three basic problems now are well allocated. The first problem is occupied with the studing of features of formation of Scythian culture in a foothill and steppe part of the Crimean peninsula, the second problem is occupied with Scythian-Bosporan relations and in interpretation of monuments of the barbarian population in east part of the Crimean peninsula. It’s possible to point out the third problem as features of mutual relation Greek and scythian population in Western Crimea. All these problems are decided as a complex research.

THE CATACOMBS FROM THE FONTANA AND LEVADKA'S NECROPOLIS IN CONNECTION WITH THE ORIGIN OF THE LATE SCYTHIAN CULTURE

I.N. Khrapunov, S.A. Muld

The article offers the results of research of the Fontana and Levadka's necropolis. These memorials and the like allow to make some observations concerning the beginning of the late Scythian history and also the problem of crises in the rd century B.C. that was general for the whole northern Black Sea area.

TYRAS COINS OF ROMAN PERIOD (THE 1st – 2nd CENTURIES A.D.)

N.A. Frolova

The article is a catalogue of Tyras coins of the 1st – 2nd centuries A.D. The author collected the material published either earlier or during the last decade by the Ukrainian archeologists, about all known coins of the indicated town. The article also presents some non-published Tyras coins from the State Historical Museum collection.

THE COIN FINDS IN THE KARA-TOBE SETTLEMENT AT THE NORTHERN-WESTERN CRIMEA

S.U. Vnukov, S.A. Kovalenko

The article is a presentation oft he numismatic collection from the Greek-Scythian settlement of Kara-Tobe in the northwest of Crimea. The collection is numbered in 16 copper coins, 13 of them are identified. Only 6 coins belong to the mint of Chersonesus, the rest were struck in other centers of the Black Sea area and the eastern Mediterranean. Chronologically the finds are divided into two groups. The first group (the 4th – the beginning of the 2nd centuries B.C.) contains 8 identified objects that belong to the period of Chersonesus settlement existence. Out of them only one coin is dated to the end of the 4th century B.C., the rest belong to the period from the end of the 3rd century B.C. – to the beginning of the 2nd century B.C. Among them there are 5 Chersonesus coins, the rare Mesembrian coin and one, probably, from Alexandria of Troas. Such high concentration of find-spots dated to the 3rd-2nd centuries B.C. is not characteristic for Chersonesus settlements.

The second group of findings belongs to the time when Chersonese lost its own chora. There are only 5 identified foreign coins in this group. Two belong to Amisos in the days of Mithradates III, and one – Sinops. They could also be referred to the fortifications of Greek-Pontic troops in the Kara-Tobe settlement. The rest to coins are Roman ones produced by Pergamum or Tomae. The finds of the Roman copper dated to the 1st century B.C. – the 1st century A.D. are quite rare for late Scythian settlements. So these coins finds in Kara-Tobe could possibly be related with the short-termed camp of Roman troops during Plautius Silvanus expedition in the settlement.

ANCIENT GREEK COINS WITH 'ΣΑΜΜΑ' INSCRIPTION: TO AN ESTIMATION OF THE DISCUSSION

I.E. Surikov

During last several years a number of investigations has been published devoted entirely or partly to the problems connected with Greek coins (originating from the Northern Black Sea region) which bear inscriptions ('ΣΑΜΜΑ' or 'ΣΑΜ'. Among those investigations there are works of V.A.Anokhin, N.A.Frolova, J.G.Vinogradov and A.A.Molchanov, O.N.Melnikov, W.F.Stolba and others. A lot of new opinions on coins in question have been offered. The author of this article is attempting to estimate main new ideas stated by scholars above-mentioned and to give arguments against those opinions, which seem to be wrong.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE BYZANTINE ADMINISTRATION OF CHERSON: PARTICULAR FEATURES

N.I. Khrapunov

The purpose of the article is to examine the development of the administration of Cherson during the Byzantine period. This Byzantine city was located on the south western coast of the Crimean peninsula. The history of Cherson proceeded in close interaction with the Byzantines on the one hand and barbarian neighbours of the city on the other hand. The Herakleian peninsula, where Cherson was located, is the western point of a few kilometres-wide strip of land which stretches along the southernmost tip of the Crimea. A high mountain range imposes a natural barrier between the coast, with its Mediterranean climate, and the uplands of the south-western part of the Crimea, which is known in medieval sources under the name of «Gothia» or «Klimata.» Northwards the slopes of the mountains gradually turn into a large arid plain, which is an extension of the East European steppes. On the east, an isthmus connects the Crimea with the Kerch peninsula. The city of Bosporos was located on the eastern edge of the latter, on the bank of the modern Straits of Kerch.

THE BORN OF THEME. CHERSON AND TAURICA IN SYSTEM OF BYZANTIAN MILITARY-ADMINISTRATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF VIII–IX CENTURIES

S.B. Sorochan

In work are considered the circumstances of occurrence in Taurica the Byzantian theme Klymata with centre in Cherson. The author connects it to diverse political and economic changes, occured as on territory of Crimea, so in Byzantium and Khazar Kaganat during VIII – first half IX centuries. New is represented the study of these events proceeding from a recognition of an opportunity of existence Byzantian – Khazars condominium in Taurica. The peace and allied relations of the byzantine emperors with Kaganat promoted stabilization of life of this region in VIII century.

GREEK COLONIZATION OF THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION: RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR STUDY

M.F. Visokij

The article considers the variety of opinions upon the question of Greek colonization of the eastern Black Sea area. The author's conclusion is as following – there were two stages in the process of colonization: Ionian and Athenian. All in all there are still enough «empty spaces» in the history of the colonization, that are to be «filled up» in the course of future excavations.

ANCIENT SEBASTOPOLIS: THE ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

B.M. Gunba

The article deals with the researches made in central part of the ancient Sebastopolis at the coastline of the modern Sukhum. The present material is an outline of studies made during the last forty years from 50s to 90s of the 20th century. The author made an attempt to analyze the planning for this part of the ancient town and suggested his own interpretation of the architectural remains, their chronology and interaction. Still the issue is under discussion because of the poor preservation condition of the remains. In particular, L. G. Khrushkova presented her own view upon the reconstruction for the temple's remains in the indicated area. This work contributes to the present information up to a certain extend; in fact the whole stock of information has not been published yet.

APPLICATION OF GEO-INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE INTEGRATED PALAEO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCHES AT TAMAN AND ABKHAZIAN COASTLINE

G.V. Trebleva, YU.V. Gorlov

Since 2001 Institute of Archaeology of RAS Black Sea expedition has been making the integrated palaeo-geographical and archeological researches at the Caucasian coastline of the Black Sea. The application of Geo-Information systems as a device is of great importance to the whole process of research, as it helps to analyze geographical and archeological information in the interactive form.

NEW RESEARCHES OF THE GIL'GIL'CHIAN FORTIFIED WALL

A.A. Aliev, I.N. Aliev, M.S. Gadjiev, M.G. Geitner, F.L. Kol, R.G. Magometov

The studies of the ceramic complex of the specified defensive system and the parallels in building materials and fortification technique allow to date its construction to the 5th -6th centuries A.D.; but that was well before the built of the Derbent fortified stone complex of the 6th century A.D.

ATTRIBUTION OF GEM-SEAL OF THE GREAT CATHOLICOS OF ALBANIA AND BALASAKAN AND THE MATTER OF PROPER SEQUENSE IN PATRIARCHATE AMONG ALBANIAN CHURCH SOVEREIGNS

M.S. Gadjiev

The study of the specified gem-seal allows making a suggestion that it could belong to one of two catholicos of Albania: Panta or Zapharia. The specified gem-seal is a kind of a noteworthy element when studying the cultural and political relations between Iran and Albania.

JAGAT-TEPE

I.T. Kruglikova

The archeological monument Jagat-tepe (or as it was called originally [Jiga-tepe]) is 41 kl away to the northwest from Dilberjin – the town that was excavated by the Afghan-Soviet archeological expedition in 1970-1977. The ruins of Jiga-tepe were found during the exploring in 1972. Its excavations were made in 1974, 1976 and 1977. The ancient settlement consisted of two parts: the site of ancient town or the fortified part of the settlement with the citadel in its center and the non-fortified settlement around the ancient town. The suggestion was made as to the site of the citadel: initially there could be a temple in the citadel's place. The temple may be related to the cult of the Bactrian divinities. But the excavations did not reach the lowest cultural layers. Высказано предположение, что первоначально на месте цитадели был храм, связанный с культом местных бактрийских божеств. Но раскопки не были доведены до самых нижних культурных слоёв.

THE OXUS TREASURE: ON THE QUESTION OF PLACE AND CIRCUSTANCES FOR THE FINDING

I.N. Korovchinskij

This article is dedicated to the problem of the origin of the Oxus Treasure. The author shares B. Litvinsky and I. Pichikyan opinion, who consider the treasure to be extracted in antiquity from a temple depository and buried into earth in order to save it from possible pillage. But he does not accept the localisation of the temple at Takht-i Sangin, proposed by the mentioned authors. The detailed analysis of the archaeological and traditional written (XIXth century) sources, as well as the attraction of the new ones (geographical descriptions and maps of the upper Amu Darya region, made in the late XIXth — early XXth centuries) shows that the temple was situated either at Kala-i Mir (Tadjikistan) or at Khisht Tepe (Afghanistan), and the inhumation may be dated by the time of Euthydemus I, when Bactria was threatened by nomads. In 1878 the river flood washed the treasure from the bank and brought it to the environs of Aivaj village, where it was found by parts and sold to the jewellers in Khulm (Afghanistan). The latter in their turn sold it to different people in India and Afghanistan, including the well-known British collectioners.

THE EARLY HELLENISTIC MARGIAN CERAMICS

V.A. Gaibov

Actually the Early Hellenistic period in Margiana's history is hardly ever studied, but as for the ceramics it is certainly the indicator for the cultural level among the population during the specified period. So the final assertion is - for the Merve oasis: the ceramic type Yaz III was characteristic for the whole 4th century B.C., as for the 3rd century B.C. there was a combination of the ceramic type Yaz III and the Early Hellenistic period ceramics.

THE DELPHIC MAXIMS FROM AI KHANOUM AND A FORMATION ASOKA’S DHAMMA DOCTRINE

V.P. Yailenko

The author has compared the Delphic maxims from Ai Khanoum with Asoka’s dhamma doctrine as it was proclaimed in his Rock and Column edicts and has found a bulk of the parallel moral prescriptions. According to author’s conclusion, a formation of the dhamma doctrine by Asoka was strongly influenced with the Delphic moral codex from Ai Khanoum. This paper is renewed Russian version his published article in French: Yailenko V.P. Les maxims d’Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dhamma d’Asoka //Dialogues d’ histoire ancienne. P., 1990. T. XVI, 1. P. 239-256.

THE ANCIENT LEPROSY: ITS ORIGIN, RISE AND SPREADING THROUGH THE TERRITORY OF EUROPE

A.P. Buzhilova

The history of leprosy is lost in deep antiquity. There are two traces as to the ways the leprosy penetrated Europe: one belongs to India and China, another to Egypt and Near East. The spreading of leprosy occurred at the beginning of our era, it was connected with the growth of the new centers of disease in different parts of Europe. The scheme for the disease transference is quite clear – the leprosy "transferred" through the continent due to people contacts in the process of migration (during the Roman times). Probably the long-termed military campaigns and abundant crusades caused further movements among the population that in its turn, contributed to the rapid spreading of leprosy through Europe.

ANTHROPOMORPHIC CHARACTERS IN THE NEOLITHIC ART OF THE PRIMORYE REGION

D.L. Brodyansky

The author has analyzed scientifically a series of anthropomorphic images pertaining to the Primorye neolithic age, viz. figurines, images on mobile petroglyths and also ceramic ones. The succeeded in singling out the representations of the Sun Woman, the god of the Wind, her husband, and the Sea Hostess. The characters of Far-Eastern and Beringian mythology existed in neolithic art as early as 7500–3500 years ago.

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