The paper deals with the history of Hellespont and its role in ancient historical events and processes. Of special interest are the questions of control over the strait, which are considered from the viewpoint of who and when exercised or tried to exercise or to seek after such control. Of interest are also methods, goals, and motives of the control, which are tacked in the paper.

Key words: Hellespont, the Aegean, straits, trade routes, colonization, wars, Athens

EDICTUM CONSULARIBUS OF 210 BC: LITURGY, “LOAN” OR CONFISCATION?

V. A. Kvashnin

The article considers the events of 210 BC connected with the edict of consuls M. Claudius Marcellus and M. Valerius Levin. Detailed analysis of the data given by Livius revealed reference to loans Roman authorities resorted to in search of funds necessary for financing the fleet. The author makes a parallel between the events of 210 BC and Greek liturgies.

Key words: Ancient Rome, edict, slaves, loan, liturgy, financial crisis

DELOSSIAN LATIN INSCRIPTION CONCERNING LUCULLUS' PROQUESTURE: LUCIUS OR MARCUS?

V. V. Dementyeva

The article considers a Latin inscription with the name of Lucullus and the evidence of his proquesture, which was found on Delos in the late 19th century, and presents the analysis of seven publications of the inscription together with its photograph. The author concludes that a common stereotype of identifying the person as Lucius Licinius Lucullus are open to question. Praenomenи and nomen of the epigraphic monument are lost. But after Delos was reverted under the authority of Athens after it was devastated by Mithradatis in 88 BC and Athens was captured by Sulla, both Lucius Licinius Lucullus and his younger brother Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus were proquestors. The article gives pros and cons concerning each of the brothers as a prototype of the inscription under study and concludes that nowadays there is no clear proof concerning any brother.

Key words: Lucius Licinius Lucullus, Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, Delossian inscription, proquestor

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO ON BANKERS AND BANKING TRANSACTIONS IN ANCIENT ROME

M. N. Sayko

The article considers ancient Roman bankers and their principal banking transactions. Information obtained from Marcus Tullius Cicero’s philosophic works, speeches, and letters made it possible to determine two main categories of persons dealing with banking. These were representatives of plebs and eqites. Principal banking transactions analyzed by the author comprise keeping one’s money which was subject to payment and attraction of assets in the form of interest payments, transactions with current accounts, money transfer and giro, holding auctions.

Key words: Cicero, bankers, eqites, argentarii, centesimae.

TIGRANES YOUNGER AND THE ROMANS INTERRELATIONS DURING THE EASTERN CAMPAIGN OF POMPEY

A. R. Panov

The paper presents the analysis of interrelations of Tigranes Younger, the son of Tigranes II, King of Great Armenia, and the Romans during the eastern campaign of Pompey. It deals with the events of 66 BC when Tigranes Younger rebelled against his father and then decided to join the Romans who were at war with Tigranes II. Tigranes II’s reconciliation with Pompey ruined Tigranes Younger’s prospects of becoming the King of Armenia. He got only the Kingdom of Sophene. The author believes that Pompey, who failed to reconcile father and son, had to decide which of them served Roman interests in the East better. Tigranes II happened to be more suitable. Tigranes Younger did not want to give up his ambitions and become a threat to the Romans, which fi nally brought about his quick transition from Pompey’s ally to his captive.

Key words: Tigranes Younger, Tigranes II, Pompey, Armenian kingdom

EUROPEAN AND ASIAN BOSPORUS RURAL TERRITORY UNDER THE SPARTOCIDS (SUBJECT INTRODUCTION)

G. P. Garbuzov, A. A Zavoykin., A. A. Maslennikov, S. L. Smekalov

The paper reflects principal problems concerning the comparative study of European and Asian Bosporus rural territory in the 3rd century BC — the 1st century AD. It also considers the state of present-day data base, compares two parts of the country in the light of natural, historical, and ethnic peculiarities, and presents problem solving issues for each part of the country with regard to the available archaeological data. It also characterizes problem-solving techniques.

Key words: archaeology, the Bosporus, antiquity, Hellenism, Spartocids, Kerch Peninsula, Taman

EUROPEAN BOSPORUS RURAL TERRITORY DURING LATE HELLENISTIC PERIOD (STATISTICS AND TOPOGRAPHY)

A. A. Maslennikov

This is a chronological and topographic survey of European Bosporus rural settlements (Kerch Peninsula) during late Hellenistic period (about the mid-3rd century BC — the turn of the 2nd — 1st centuries BC). Both close-by urban and remote state chora are characterized by a sharp reduction in the number of monuments, which is supported by new research. Remote settlements fall into two groups. The fi rst group, mainly of the earlier times, comes under the heading of “ephemeral” ones that kept on functioning but on a very limited scale during several decades after some dramatic changes about the mid — 3rd century BC. The second group comprised actually new urban settlements and fortifi ed homesteads, chiefl y in Pryazovie. The latter are distinguished by some topographic features, fi rst of all by natural fortifi cations. The so-called model settlements of the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC are of special chronological, stratigraphic and layout interest.

Key words: European Bosporus, rural territory, settlement chronology and topography, excavations, prospecting, historical interpretation

ON LOCATING APATURION, KEPOI, AND STRATOKLEA

N. F. Fedoseyev

The author suggests new localization of the ancient settlement Apaturion that in his opinion was in situ of Kepoi. And one should look for Kepoi at the settlement ‘The Seventh Kilometer’ or ‘Taman 3’. Stratoklea was located on the territory of residential settlement Pimorskoye (5 km south-west of Phanagoria ancient settlement). There is a monument “Primorsky 23” here according to Ya. M. Paramonov’s map. Such localization correlates very accurately with the data of Pliny who mentioned Hermonassa, Kepoi, Stratoklea, Phanagoria, and deserted Apaturion.

Key words: Apaturion, Hermonassa, Kepoi, Stratoklea, Phanagoria, brands, Akhtanizovsky liman, Korokondamit lake

PERICLES AND BOSPORAN “GORDIAN KNOT”

V. L. Strokin

Proceeding from the dominant opinion that the chief goal of Pericles? Pontic expedition was the food problem in Attica, and the terms Pontus and Bosporus were used as synonyms in Athenian sources of the 4th century BC, the author of the article puts forward the following interpretation of Plutarch account of the expedition (Plut. Per. 20). Commenting his passage the author proposes the following route of Pericles expedition: Athens–Cimmerian Bosporus– Sinope– thens. It is also suggested that Spartok I reacted to Athenian military action of the 437 BC with a coup in Panticapeum, and then he blocked Kerch strait near Tuzla with sunken ships. The hypothesis explains why Panticapeum and other towns in the vicinity of Kerch strait and Taman bay were not incorporated into the First Athens Sea Union.

Key words: Bosporus Cimmerian, Athens, Pericles

THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE PHARISEES REBELLION AGAINST ALEXANDER JANNAEUS

M. N. Karanayev

The article covers the driving force behind the Pharisees rebellion against Alexander Jannaeus, the Hasmonean King. The author analyzes different historiographical viewpoints and proposes to develop Victor Cherikover’s hypothesis about economic factors behind the rebellion. The analysis of economic and military policy of Alexander Jannaeus in particular and of the Hasmoneans on the whole makes it possible to conclude that one of the prime causes of the rebellion was an extremely high tax brought forth by the Judea king’s desire to restore military might lost in the war with the Nabateans. Jannaeus planned to recruit new hirelings, which required additional fi nancing. It is these measures that caused discontent of both the Pharisees and great masses of Judea population.

Key words: Judea, the Hasmoneans, Alexander Jannaeus, the Seleucids, the Pharisees, hirelings, Flavius Josephus, Victor Cherikover

SACRAL MINISTRY TERMINOLOGY IN JOSEPH FLAVIUS WORKS

Yu. Ye. Krasnobayeva

Joseph Flavius had both a good command of the Greek language and Jewish culture that is why it is so important to study his terminology in the context of sacral ministry evolution. The LXX (Septuagint) was the main source for Flavius, but he used other terms to express this conception. Sacral senses of words λειτουργέω,λειτουργία, λατρεύω, λατρεία and δουλέω,δουλεία, traditional for LXX, were not used by Flavius very often. He used other terms, namely θρησκεύω, θρησκεία, that were not characteristic of LXX. The reason may have to do with secular meanings of λειτουργία, λατρεία and δουλεία in classical Greek language. On the other hand, Flavius did not regard the words θεραπεύω, θεραπεία as heavily charged with pagan sacral connotations. He associated them with Judaic unique identity with a tinge of sacral ministry.

Key words: Joseph Flavius, idea of ministry, Old Testament

THE FATE OF BUDDHISM IN MERV

G. A. Koshelenko

The article deals with the issues of Buddhism history in Margiana (Merv Oasis) in Parthian and Sassanian times. It is a historiographical article that appraises the extent of validity of different viewpoints and strongly objects to hypercritical approach to the time of Buddhism appearance in the region.

Key words: Margiana, Buddhism, stupa, Gyaaur-kala, G. A. Pugachenkova, Z. I. Usmanova, B. Ya. Stavisky, T. K. Mkrtychev, E. V. Rtveladze

SYMBOLIC ARTIFACTS FROM A NEW NEOLITHIC BOISMAN CULTURE MONUMENT IN BOYARIN BAY

D. L. Brodyansky, A. N. Popov, B. V. Lazin, H. G. Markos

Boyarin-6 archeological excavation in 2013 revealed three symbolic artifacts. The first one is a stone retouched fish, the second is a manuport in the form of a tortoise, and the third one is a tapered stone with anthropomorphic masks. They belong to the series of similar Boysman culture fi nds at Boysman-2 archeological monument.

Key words: primitive art, Primorye Territory, Boysman culture

NEW PETROGLYPHS ON THE USSURI RIVER IN KHABAROVSK TERRITORY

A. R. Laskin, Ye. G. Devlet

Recent years saw a considerable addition to Sheremetyevo and Sikachi-Alyan corpus of petroglyphs within the framework of rock painting preservation and study of graphic and technical peculiarities of petroglyphs in Khabarovsk territory. The article considers images on separate boulders revealed not far from petroglyph accumulation near the village of Sheremetyevo.

Key words: petroglyphs, rock painting, Far East archeology

THE SACRIFICIAL COMPLEXES OF EARLY IRON AGE IN BASHKIR ANTEURALS

G. N. Garustovich

The article is devoted to an analysis of archaelogical materials of the forest steppe zone in the NE of Bashkir AnteUrals aimed at discovering of cult complexes of the population who were the Western offshoots of the Sargat ethnic community. We should like to draw attention to the presence of a series of sacrifi cial complexes dating from the 4th century B.C. These objects are considered to be a testimony of there having existed a compound sacrificial set of rituals, both familial and clanwise based on a well-developed reverence of forefathers and on the mountains cult.

Key words: Early Iron Age (400–200 BC), cultic monuments of Aisky archeological type, memorial and sacrificial complexes, Eastern import, Persian Achaemenid bowls.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND ALEXANDER-TYPE TETRADRACHMS IN THE STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM (MOSCOW)

M. G. Abramzon, N. A. Frolova

The article is publication of a Catalogue of tetradrachms issued in the name of Alexander the Great from the collection of the State Historical Museum Numismatic Department (Moscow). This collection includes 148 tetradrachms struck by mints of Macedonia, Greece, Thrace, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, Africa and the East. This publication is of great importance to study of Alexander-type tetradrachms coinage.

Key words: Greek coins, tetradrachms, Alexander the Great, the State Historical Museum

BRITISH HELLENOPHILS OF THE 17th — 20th CENTURIES: FROM THE COUNT OF ARUNDEL, THE COLLECTOR, TO SIR JOHN BOARDMAN, THE HISTORIAN OF ANCIENT GREEK ART

I. V. Buzunova

Among the many European scholars concerned with the formation and development of antiquities study British Hellenophiles play a key role in accumulating archeological material, identifying, classifying, and attributing works of antique art. They also play a major part in working out methodology procedures, i.e. in forming apparatus criticus of classical antiquity study. The article presents a brief retrospective survey of British history learning, which makes it possible to estimate its contribution to the study of ancient history and art heritage.

Key words: classical antiquity study, British Hellenophiles, methodology of classical antiquity study, classical archeology

PRINCIPAL TENDENCIES OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN INTERWAR POLAND

S. V. Olkhovsky

Peculiar evolution of Ukrainian national movement in interwar Poland is due to the contrast in the development of former Russian and Austro-Hungarian territories and specifi c policy of Polish governments who employed ethnic and state assimilation methods. In Galicia Ukrainian self-consciousness was based on negative assessment of Polish-Ukrainian relations in their armed struggle for independent Ukraine. Relatively unpopular separatist ideas in Volhynia gave Polish administration a chance to implement another scenario under which they could form loyal Ukrainian movement.

Key words: Polish history, Galicia, Volhynia, national policy, ethnic self-consciousness, state assimilation

STAKHANOV'S PEOPLE PROTECTED BY SOCIALIST LAW (THE USSR LAW-ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES AGAINST OPPOSITION TO STAKHONOVITE MOVEMENT)

A. V. Gotsulenko

The article deals with the pre-war USSR law-enforcement bodies protecting Stakhanov’s people and Stakhanov’s movement against opposition. The author analyzes standard legal acts and archive materials of the period to identify principal legal issues concerning NKVD officers, public prosecutor's offi ce, and court of law to determine the guidelines for their specified activities.

Key words: Stakhanov's movement, the USSR law-enforcement bodies history, criminal procedure, criminal law, repressions

HISTORIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO URAL-KUZBASS IN THE SOVIET ECONOMIC STRATEGY

G. Ye. Kornilov

The article analyzes accumulating historical knowledge of a USSR major economic project, namely, creating the second coal-metallurgy base — Ural-Kuznetsk complex. Historiographical situation analysis revealed lack of generalized studies on the history of Ural-Kuzbass, lack of assessment of its role in the development of the country’s eastern regions.

Key words: the USSR industrialization, Ural-Kuznetsk project, historiography

ON THE ISSUE OF STANDARD LEGAL ACTS IMPLEMENTATION BY PENITENTIARY BODIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN 1930S — 1960S

V. S. Mikhaylov

The article deals with standard legal act regulations of criminal liability, penitentiary service conditions throughout the GULAG period, and especially with actual legislation terms implementation in the sphere under consideration.

Key words: GULAG, penal policy, sentencing

SERVICE RECORD AS BUSINESS WRITING GENRE IN YENISEY SIBERIA OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY

M. F. Danilova

The 17th century is marked by genre variety and peculiarity of business records. Service records their origin, layout, and functioning both in central and local Russian offi ces do not show up in academic literature. Archive documents of Siberia department of the 17th century make it possible to speak about service records of Yenisey Siberia of the fi rst half of the 17th century as texts with a specifi c layout, communicative goal, special set of formulae and linguistic units.

Key words: linguistic source study, genre, linguistic genre, text structure, text formulae, document function

V. P. PETROV AND “SPLENDID CAROUSEL” (1766)

A. D. Ivinsky

“Splendid carousel” is usually associated with court festivities that go back to the epoch of Louis XIV. But one of its apparent messages has not come to the attention of scholars yet. Vienna in 1743 saw a so-called “ladies’ carousel” organized by Maria Theresa to celebrate Prague conquest, her fi rst considerable success in the war for Austrian legacy. The festival symbolized the empire reunion. In 1766 another young empress decided to celebrate ‘the empire restoration’ after “evil deeds” of Peter III in a similar way, with a special part given to Amazons whom V. N. Tatishchev, M. V. Lomonosov, and V. K. Trediakovsky in their works called a ‘Slavonic tribe’. Catherine II used the argument to substantiate her “monarchist idea”. She aimed at proving that Russia as an ancient civilization with its rich history and culture compares with Europe. She also thought that the national should go with European gallant culture, the most vivid samples of which are presented by France. V. P. Petrov refl ected principal ideologemes of Catherine’s reign in his ode “Onto the carousel”.

Key words: Catherine II, V. P. Petrov, ‘splendid carousel”’

A. P. CHEKHOV’S STORIES “NEIGHBORS” AND “MISFORTUNE” AS A TRANSITION TO AN ACTIVE CHARACTER’S IMAGE

N. A. Timofeyev

The paper considers two stories by A. Chekhov, “Neighbors” and “Misfortune”, from the viewpoint of the characters’ activity/inactivity. Image and language analysis makes it possible to characterize personages. It also shows that Chekhov tried to highlight different causes of his characters’ misfortunes, both ethical and social. These stories paved the way for his further narrations in which the writer depicted more active and resolute people.

Key words: social and ethical subject matter, poetics of A.P. Chekhov’s prose, character’s image, an active character, leitmotif

INNER CYCLE POETICS IN LYRIC WORKS OF O. MANDELSHTAM

M. A. Buraya

The article presents the study of a specifi c metatextual poetological phenomenon that for convenience is called inner cycle. The study is based on the lyric context of O. Mandelshtam’s poems written during 1908–1938. It covers the poet’s key inner cycle that is concerned with world culture. The study revealed characteristic features that help to tell the phenomenon under study from closely-related ones and outlined the prospects for further study.

Key words: O. Mandelshtam, lyric cycling, inner cycle, integrity

POST-WAR FATE OF A SOLDIER IN YURY BONDAREV’S NOVEL “NONRESISTANCE”

Ye. O. Shatsky

The theme of a former soldier’s despondency and inability to fi t peaceful life is one of the oldest in literature. Its treatment in Yu. Bondarev’s novel “Nonresistance” (1995) is rather tragic. Social ingratitude is brought before readers as symptoms of spiritual ailment and moral decay.

Key words: Russian literature of the 20th century, war theme, Yu.V. Bondarev

THE ARTISTIC ORIGINALITY OF A HUMAN IMAGES IN THE STORY OF AMIR AMINEV

G. G. Kusiarbaeva

The article investigates the artistic originality of a human images in the style that emerged in modern literature by transforming classical realism. One of the main features of prose A. Aminev — the image of the exceptional character in exceptional circumstances — is seen in the story of «Kitay-gorod» in the context of the ideological and aesthetic, artistic content of the work.

Key words: Bashkir prose, the image of people in modern literature, style

KALMYK NAMES OF LIVESTOCK PASTURE AND FACILITIES

V. N. Mandjieva

It is well known that the very nature and climatic predetermine economic activity of the nation living on the given territory. The wide area, occupied by the Kalmyks in the Volga region, the Lower Don and the North Ciscaucasia, enabled them to pursue traditional nomadic cattlebreeding. The paper deals with livestock facilities and pasture terms in the Kalmyk language in the context of the common Mongolian language.

Key words: Kalmyk language, livestock facilities and pasture terms, common Mongolian language

LINGUISTIC AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH IDIOMS

A. V. Moiseyenko

The paper is written in the context of a new interdisciplinary course of ecology linguistics and considers English and Russian idioms. It puts forward fi ve principles of structural and semantic description of idioms belonging to the thematic group “Forest”.

Key words: ecology linguistics, idiomatic phrase, idiom, proverb

LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT “FISHING” IN THE ARTISTIC WORLD IMAGE OF V. P. ASTAFYEV

A. A. Osipova

The author resorts to the analysis of verbalization of a most striking concept “Fishing” that finds its reflection in creative work of V. P. Astafyev, the 20th century prose writer. The author also traces its evolution in the linguistic world image from the ancient times to present day. The author reveals the writer’s individual perception of fishing that is found in his story “Svetoprestavleniye” (“Сhaos”).

Key words: linguistics, V. P. Astafyev, concept “Fishing”, linguistic world image, artistic world image, verbalizer field

SOCIO-CULTURAL PROPERTY REPRESENTATION IN JOKES (BASED ON AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN BLOND JOKES)

N. S. Solovyeva

The paper deals with socio-cultural properties of American and Russian blond jokes with particular emphases on a blond joke character prototype common for both cultures as well as its representation differences.

Key words: joke, language world image, humorous world image, mass culture, social group

SYNAESTHESIA OF THE ENGLISH ROMANTIC POETRY IN THE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS

O. V. Draginda

The article focuses on the rendering of synаesthetic peculiarities of the English Romantic poetry in the Ukrainian translations. The main attention is given to conveying the sound-colour correlations and synaesthetic metaphors in translation.

Key words: English-Ukrainian, phonosemantic, poetic translation, Romantic poetry, sound-colour correlations, synaesthesia, synaesthetic metaphor

COSSACK COLONIZATION OF URAL-SAKMARSKIY INTERFLUVES AND BASHKIR EVICTION FROM ORENBURG COSSACK ARMY LANDS IN THE 1830–1860s

A. I. Kortunov

The paper describes Cossack colonization of Ural-Sakmarsky interfl uves and attendant issues of the Orenburg Cossack Army reform. Particular emphasis is laid on eviction of the Bashkirs in the first half of the 19th century from the army lands and local non-Russians joining the Cossacks. The analysis makes it possible to say that the government's objective in reforming the Orenburg Cossack troops was achieved, and by the mid — 19th century the Ural-Sakmarsky interfl uves was inhabited mostly by Cossack population of multi-ethnic and multi-confessional origin.

Key words: Ural-Sakmarskiy interfluves, Orenburg Cossack army, Bashkirs, reform, the Cossacks

Details: Published: 09 April 2015; Last Updated: 11 December 2015; Hits: 5983

Archive

Contents of №4, 2013

HISTORY

ANCIENT HISTORY

ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME

THE BLACK SEA REGION

THE ANCIENT ORIENT

PREHISTORY

IN WORLD MUSEUMS

PAGES OF HISTORIOGRAPHY

MODERN HISTORY

RUSSIAN HISTORY

PHILOLOGY

LITERARY CRITICISM

LINGUISTICS

CULTURE

ETHNOLOGY