Abstract
The article marks the place of sites associated with the Venetian presence in the Northern Black Sea Region in the framework of the archaeological study of the Byzantine Empire and the Golden Horde. There is a general historical overview of the evidence of Venetian activity in the Azov Sea and on the Crimean peninsula in the 13th–15th centuries.
The layer of materials of the 13th–15th centuries is singled out, in the context of archaeological research of the towns and villages of the Northern Black Sea region, referring to the Venetian presence in the region. The main base of the Republic of St. Mark is Tana was a plot located near the river Don, allotted for settlement by Venetian merchants in the large Golden Horde city of Azak, not far from the Sea of Azov. Three times the Venetian Republic made attempts to add to Tana new settlements in the towns of Soldaya and Vosporo, harbors Provato and Kaliara in the East of the Crimean Coast. However, these efforts have not been crowned with success.
The article introduces into a scientifi c circulation a new defi nition – Venetian Gazaria. Under the term Venetian Gazaria for the period of 13th–15th centuries one should understand the whole set of written and material evidence of the Venetian presence in the territory of the Golden Horde State and especially in its commercial settlements in the Northern Black Sea Region.
In the historical sense, the Venetian Gazaria is a small part of the general system of Venetian possessions in the Byzantine Empire – Venetian Romania, but with a fundamental difference. This difference lies in the fact that the Venetian Republic is trying to establish own trading settlements not on the territory of Byzantium, but on the lands of another state – the Golden Horde and on the new conditions are pushing the khans of this eastern empire.
Keywords
Venetian Republic, Byzantine Empire, Golden Horde, Venetian Gazaria, Northern Black Sea Coast, Tana, Provato, Soldaya, historical geography, archaeology
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