Abstract
The mid-40’s of the 1st century BC in Roman history is marked by several interesting events. The Thracian Kingdom became a Roman province. In the Crimea, Roman troops landed and participated in the overthrow of the legitimate king of the Bosporus. The rulers of Thrace and the Bosporus turned were relatives and acted in similar ways. There was a close connection between the actions of two Roman-landing forces.
The Thracian society developed along and simultaneously with the Greek civilization. The Greeks considered the Thracians to be barbarians. Century’s later, historians declared Thrace as a part of the barbaric province of the progressive ancient world, a backward region with savage people and warlike robbers. The recent exploration of Scythian and Hunnish territories proved that some ancient peoples (and then of Middle Ages) could live according to different rules and principles. Their societies, settlements, economy, moral values were different, from the Greeks or Roman types.
The economy of ancient Thrace was based on agriculture in which the development of cattle compensated for the relative weakness of extensive farming. Such economy could not turn into the market and limited vital rates of the Thracian society that is why they were involuntary involved in robbing, fighting and mercenary.
Keywords
Rome, Bosporus, Thrace, Bosporan–Roman War
Abramzon, M.G., Vinokurov, N.I. 2016: Zolotyye statery Aspurga i Mithridata VIII i novye komplexy s monetami i yuvelirnymi izdeliyami s gorodishcha Artezian [Aspurg and Mithridat III’s golden coins and new complexes with coins and jewelers from town Artezian]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 712–743.
Abramzon, M.G., Vinokurov, N.I., Treister, M.Yu. 2012: Dva klada monet i yuvelirnykh izdeliy vremeni bosporo-rimskoy voyny 45–49 gg. s. gorodishcha Artezian [Two treasures of coins and jewelers of the times of Bosporus and Roman war in 45–49 a. D. from the town Artezian]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 93–146.
Abramzon, M.G., Vinokurov, N.I., Treister, M.Yu. 2014: Khronologicheskie indikatory i problemy interpretatsii sloya bosporo-rimskoy voyny gorodishcha Artezian [Chronological indicators and problems of stratum interpretation of Bosporus and Roman war of the town Artezian]. In: Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov´ya. Aktual´nye problemy khronologii [Bosporus Kimmeryisky and barbarian peace during antiquity and Middle Ages. Actual problems of chronology] (XV Bosporskie chteniya [Bosporan Readings]). Kerch´, 5–16.
Anokhin, V.A. 1977: Monetnoe delo Khersonesa (IV v. do n.e.–XII v.n.e.) [Coinage of Chersoneses (the 4th century BC to the 12th century AD]. Kiev.
Blavatskiy, V.D. 1973: O rimskikh voyskakh na Tavrishcheskom poluostrove v I v. n.e. [Roman troops on the Tauric Peninsula in the 1st century AD]. Archaelogia Polona XIV, 215–222.
Buyskikh, S.B. 1991: Fortifi katciya Ol´viyskogo gosudarstva (pervye veka nashey ery) [Olbian fortifi cation (1st – 3rd centuries AD)]. Kiev.
Buyukliev, Chr. 1986: Trakiyski mogilen nekropol pri Chatalka, Starozagorski okryg [Thracian mound near Chatalka. Starozagorsk district]. Razkopki i prouchvaniya [Excavations and investigations] XVI. Sofi a.
Detschew, D. 1976: Die thrakische Sprachreste. Wien.
Frolova, N.A. 1997: Monetnoye delo Bospora (seredina I v. do n.e. – IV v. n.e.) [Bosporian coinage (the mid – 1st century BC to the 4th century AD)]. Pt.1. Moscow.
Gaydukevich, V.F. 1949: Bosporskoye tsarstvo [Bosporan Kingdom]. Moscow–Leningrad.
Georgiev, Vl. 1977: Trakite i tehniyat ezik [Thracians and their language]. Sofi a.
Goroncharovskiy, V.A. 2002: Bospor i Rim v pravlenie Mithridata VIII [Bosporus and Rome under Mithridates VIII]. In: E.D. Frolov (ed.), Antichnoe gosudarstvo. Politicheskie formy v antichnom mire [Antique state. Political forms in the antique world]. Saint Petersburg, 197–206.
Goroncharovskiy, V.A. 2005: Voennoe delo i voenno-politecheskaya istoria Bospora I v. do n.e. – III v. n.e. [Military science, political and war history of the Bosporus during 1st – 3rd centuries AD]: avtoreferat dissertatsii doktora istoricheskikh nauk [PhD Thesis]. Saint Petersburg.
Karyshkovskiy, P.O. 1982: Ol´viya i Rim v I v. n.e. [Olbia and Rome in the 1st century AD] In: Pamyatniki rimskogo i srednevekovogo vremeni v Severo-Zapadnom Prichernomor´e [Memorials of Roman and Medieval times in the North-Western Black Sea region]. Kiev, 6–28.
Karyshkovskiy, P.O., Kleyman, I.B. 1985: Drevniy gorod Tira [The Ancient Tyras]. Kiev.
Kleyman, I.B. 1987: Izobrazheniye voina na fragmente rel´efa iz Tiry [The warrior’s image on the relief fragment from Tyras]. In: Novye issledovaniya po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomor´ya [Recent archeological studies in the North Black Sea]. Kiev, 46–52.
Kozlenko, R.A. 2015: Rimskiy fort na granitse Olviyskogo gosudarstva [The Roman fortress in the borders of the Olbian state]. In: Laurea I. Antichnyy mir i Srednie veka. Chteniya pamjati prof. V.I. Kadeeva [Antique world and Middle Ages. Seminars in memory of professor Kadeev]. Kharkov, 29–33.
Krykin, S.M. 2010: Antichnoye «Gradishte» u sela Dolna Grashtitsa bliz Kyustendila (Bolgariya) [Antique «Gradishte» near the village Dolna Grashtiza near Kyustedil (Bulgaria)] Lukomor´ya. Arkheologiya, etnologiya, istoriya Pivnichno-Zakhidnogo Prichornomoy´ya [Сurved Seashore. Archeology, ethnology, history of the North-Western Black Sea]. 4. Odessa, 14–27.
Krykin, S.M. 1992: Deus Sanctus Porobonus. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 140–147.
Krykin, S.M. 1993: Frakiytsy v antichnom Severnom Prichernomorie [The Thracians in the antique Nortern coast of the Black Sea]. Moscow.
Krykin, S.M. 2007: Spartak: versii o ego proiskhozhdenii (nauchnyy podkhod vrazrez s literaturno- nauchnym) [Spartacus: variants of his origin (the scientifi c approach vs. literary and legendary approach]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kul´tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] XVII, 66–80.
Krykin, S.M. 2015: Terrakotovye «frakiyskie vsadniki» na Bospore [Terracotta «Thracian horsemen » in the Bosporus]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gorodskogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Moscow pedagogical university]. Seriya «Istoricheskie nauki» [Historical Sciences Series] 2 (18), 57–66.
Latyschev, B. 1916: Inscriptiones antiquae orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini Graecae et Latinae I. Petropoli.
Matkovskaya, T.A., Tokhtasev, S.R. 2006: Maloizvestnye i neizdannye stely Kerchenskogo lapidariya [Little known and unpublished steles of Kertch Lapidary]. In: Nauchnyy sbornik Kerchenskogo zapovednika [Scientifi c miscellany of the Kertch reserve] I, 179–210.
Saprykin, S.Yu. 2002: Bosporskoye tsarstvo na rubezhe dvukh epokh [Bosporian Kingdom at the turn of two epochs]. Moscow.
Saprykin, S.Yu. , Vinokurov, N.I., Belousov, A.R. 2014: Gorodishche Artezian v Vostochnom Krymu (ego zhiteli i kul´ty) [The Artezian Settlement in the Eastern Crimea (her citizens and cults]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 134–162.
Saprykin, S.Yu. 1996: Pontiyskoe tsarstvo. Gosudarstvo grekov i varvarov v Prichernomor´e [Pontic Kingdom. Greek and barbarian State on the Black Sea]. Moscow.
Shchukin, M.P. 1994: Na rubezhe er. Opyt istoriko-arkheologicheskoy rekonstruktsii politicheskikh sobytiy III v. do n.e.–I v. n.e. v Vostochnoy i Tsentral´noy Evrope [At the turn of the century. An attempt of historical and archeological reconstruction of political events in the Central and Eastern Europe in the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD]. Saint Petersburg.
Tacheva, M. 1987: Istoriya na bylgarskite zemi v drevnostta [The history of Bulgarian territories in antiquity]. Pt. 2. Sofi a.
Tacheva, M. 1997: Istoriya na bylgarskite zemi [The history of Bulgarian territories in antiquity]. Pt. 2. Sofi a.
Treister, M.Yu. 1993: Rimlyane v Pantikapee [The Romans in Panticapeum]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 50–74.
Vinogradov, Y.G. 1987: Der Pontos Euxeinos als politische, ökonomische und kulturelle Einheit und die Epigraphik. Terra antiqua balcanica II. Acta centri historiae. Trinovi, 9–77.
Vinogradov, Yu.G. 1984: Dva bronzovykh kotla s grecheskimi nadpisyami iz sarmatskikh stepey Donbassa i Povolzh´ya [Two caldrons with Greek inscriptions from the Sarmatian steppes of Donbass and the Volga River Region]. In: Drevnosti Evrazii v skifo-sarmatskoe vremya [Antiquities of Eurasia during the Scythian and Sarmatian epoch]. Moscow, 37–43.
Vinokurov, N.I. 2007: Izuchenie nekropolya gorodishcha Artezian v 2001 g. [Research of the Settlement Artezian necropolis in 2001] In: A.A. Maslennikov, N.A. Gavrilyuk (ed.), Antichnyy mir i varvary na yuge Rossii i Ukrainy. Olviya. Skifi ya. Bosporus [The antique world and barbarians in the South of Russia and Ukraine. Olbia. Scythia. Bosporus]. Moscow–Kiev–Zaporozhe, 351–401.
Vinokurov, N.I. 2001: Nadgrobnye pamyatniki nekropolya i gorodishcha Artezian [The tombs in necropolis and Artezian Settlement]. In: Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya: aktual’nye problemy khronologii [The Cimmerian Bosporus and barbarian world in the period of Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Actual problems of the chronology] (II Bosporskie chteniya [Bosporan Reading]). Kerch, 16–24.
Vinokurov, N.I. 2008: Novye izobrazheniya vsadnikov na Bospore [New horsemen fi gures in Bosporus]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 5, 70–86.
Zubar, V.A.1994: Khersones Tavricheskiy i Rimskaya imperiya. Ocherki voenno-politicheskoy istorii [Chersoneses Tauric and the Roman Empire. Essays on the military and political history]. Kiev.