Abstract
The article is devoted to the history of archaeological studies of Phanagorian sacral complexes – the largest center of the Asian part of the Bosporan Kingdom founded in the 540s BC. The chronological scope of the article covers the gap from the 19th to the early 21st century. From the very beginning Phanagoria was built according to a single plan – there were erected large public buildings, temples, planning of quarters and streets had been laid since the time of the city’s foundation. As for many other regions of ancient Greece, the situation with the study of the sanctuaries of Phanagoria is not simple. Now only 1% of the total area of the settlement has been excavated. In the main, only parts of the cult complexes have been discovered and investigated. In connection with the degree of archaeological study of Phanagoria we can classify Phanagorian sanctuaries as sanctuaries of regional signifi cance (Apatur), city sanctuaries (located on the acropolis: the apsidal building from 1979-1980 excavations, object 123, «temple in antis» from 2013 and 2016 excavations located in the city, but not on the acropolis) and the suburban sanctuaries (sanctuary on the Mayskaya mountain), as well as a number of public buildings that probably had cult functions (objects 300, 464, etc.). Nevertheless, even the available data allow us to say that the structure of ritual actions and the organization of the sacral process in Phanagoria looked no different from its organization in the city-states of the Balkan Greece, Asia Minor, and other regions of the Hellenic world.
Keywords
Classical archaeology, Northern Black Sea Coast, Bosporan Kingdom, Phanagoreia, history of archaeological study
Dolgorukov, V.S. 1979: Otchet o rabotakh Fanagoriyskoy ekspeditsii v 1979 g. [Report on the Work of the Phanagorian Expedition in 1979]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, № 8796, 8796а. Moscow.
Dolgorukov, V.S. 1980: Otchet o rabotakh Tamansko-Fanagoriyskoy ekspeditsii v sezone 1980 [Report on the Work of the Taman-Phanagorian Expedition in the Season 1980]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, № 14167, 14167а. Moscow.
Dolgorukov, V.S. 1985: Otchet o raskopkakh v Fanagorii v 1985 godu [Report on the Excavation in Phanagoria in 1985]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, № 11165, 11166б. Moscow.
Dolgorukov, V.S., Kolesnikov A.B. 1993: Noviy tip stroitelnikh kompleksov Fanagorii [New Type of Building Complexes in Phanagoria]. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya [Russian Archaeology] 1. Moscow, 113–132.
Egorova, T.V., Ilyina, T.A., Kutinova, T.M. 2008: K voprosu datirovaniya kultovogo kompleksa na Mayskoy gore [To the Question of Dating of the Cult Complex on the Mayskaya Mountain]. Drevnosti Bospora [Bosporan Antiquities] 12. Moscow, 237–243.
Gyerts, K.K. 1989: Arkheologicheskaya topografi ya Tamanskogo Poluostrova [Archeological Topography of Taman Peninsula]. Saint-Petersburg.
Il’ina, T.A. 2008: Problemy issledovaniya antichnoy koroplastiki Bospora: opyt kompleksnogo analyza materialov svyatilisha na Mayskoy gore bliz Fanagorii [Problems of the Study of the Ancient Bosporan Coroplastics: the Experience of the Complex Analysis of the Materials of the Sanctuary on the Mayskaya Mountain near Phanagoria]: PhD Thesis. Moscow. Kobylina, M.M. 1972: Raskopki v Fanagorii v 1972 g. [Excavations in Phanagoria in 1972]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, № 4805. Moscow.
Kobylina. M.M. 1975: Raskopki tsentralnoy chasti Fanagorii [Excavations in the Central part of Phanagoria]. Arkheologicheskiye otkrytiya 1974 goda [Archaeological Discoveries of 1974]. Moscow, 111.
Kobylina, M.M. 1983: Stranitsy ranney istorii Fanagorii [Pages of the Early History of Phanagoria]. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 2, 51–54.
Kuznetsov, V.D. 2007: Fanagoriya: istoriya issledovaniy i noviye nakhodki [A History of the Investigations and New Finds at Fanagoria]. Rosiyskaya Arkheologiya [Russian Archaeology] 2, 5–15.
Kuznetsov, V.D. 2010: Fanagoriya – stolitsa Aziatskogo Bospora [Phanagoria – the capital of Asian part of Bosporus]. In: G.M. Bongard-Levin, V.D. Kuznetsov (ed.), Antichnoye naslediye Kubani [Ancient Heritage of Kuban] I. Moscow, 430–469.
Kuznetsov, V.D., 2013: Otchet o rabotakh Fanagoriyskoy ekspeditsii Instituta arkheologii RAN v Fanagorii v 2013 g. [Report on the Work of the Phanagorian Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology RAS in 2013]. Vol. 1. Moscow.
Kuz’mina, Yu.N. 2010: Apsidalnoye zdaniye iz raskopok 1979–1980 gg. v Fanagorii [Apsidal Building from 1978-1980 Excavations in Phanagoria]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kulturi [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 1, 429–439.
Kuz’mina, Yu.N. 2011: O kriteriyakh identifi katsii antichnogo svyatilisha [About the Criteria for Ancient Sancturies Identifi cation]. Rosiyskaya Arkheologiya [Russian Archaeology] 3, 33–41.
Kuz’mina, Yu.N. 2012а: Monumentalnoye obshestvennoye zdanite ellinisticheskogo vremeni na yuzhnoy okraine Fanagorii [Hellenistic monumental public building in the southern outskirts of Phanagoria]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kulturi [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 4, 141–150.
Kuz’mina, Yu.N. 2012b: Sakralnie kompleksi Fanagorii v kontekste gorodskogo landshafta [Sacral complexes of Phanagoria in the context of urban landscape]. In: Bospor
Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekovya. Problemy urbanizatsii [Cimmerian Bosporus and Barbarian World in the Antiquity and Middle Ages. Problems of Urbanization]. Kerch, 256–264.
Kuz’mina, Yu.N. 2013: Kompleks nakhodok iz obshestvennogo zdaniya ellinisticheskogo vremeni na yuzhnoy okraine Fanagorii [Complex of Finds from the Public Building of Hellenistic Time on the Southern Outskirts of Phanagoria]. Novie materialy i metody arkheologicheskogo issledovaniya [New materials and methods of archaeological research]. Moscow, 107–108.
Kuz’mina, Yu.N. 2015: Sakralniye kompleksi Fanagorii VI–I vv. do n.e.: problemi klasifi katsii [Phanagorian sacreal complexes of 6th – 1st centuries BC: classifi cation aspects]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kulturi [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 3, 208– 213.
Lexikon Antiker Bildmotive 1997: Lexikon Antiker Bildmotive. Darmstadt. 1971.
Marchenko, I.D. 1958: Otchet o razvedochnikh raskopkakh na Mayskoy gore (okrestnosti Fanagorii) [Report on the Exploration Excavations on the Mayskaya Mountain (the Surroundings of Phanagoria]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, №1796, 1796а. Moscow.
Marchenko, I.D. 1959: Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh na Mayskoy gore v 1959 g. [Report on the Archaeological Excavations on the Mayskaya Mountain in 1959]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, №1963, 1963 а. Moscow.
Marchenko, I.D. 1960: K voprosu o kultakh Aziatskogo Bospora [To the Question of the Cults of the Asian Bosporus]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 101–107.
Marchenko, I.D. 1961: Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh na Mayskoy gore v 1961 g. [Report on the Archaeological Excavations on the Mayskaya Mountain in 1961]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, №2472, 2472а. Moscow.
Marchenko, I.D. 1963a: Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh Gos. Museya Izobrazitelnykh iskusstv im. A.S.Pushkina na Mayskoy gore v 1963 g. [Report on the Archaeological Excavations of the State museum of fi ne Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in 1963]. Archive IA RAS, R-1, № 2809, 2809а. Moscow.
Marchenko, I.D. 1963b: Nekotorie itogi raskopok na Mayskoy gore [Some Results of Excavations on Mayskaya Gora]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii [Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology] 95, 86–90.
Marchenko, I.D. 1974: Terrakoti iz svyatilishcha na Mayskoy gore (Blevake) [Terracotta fi gurines from the sanctuary on the Mayskaya mountain (Blevaka)]. In: Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov G1-11. Terrakotoviye statuetki IV. Pridonye I Tamanskiy poluostrov [Corpus of Archaeological Sources G1-11. Terracotta fi gurines IV. Don region and Taman Peninsula]. Moscow, 31–35.
Marchenko, I.D. 1977: O kulte Aphrodity na Tamani [About the Cult of Aphrodite on Taman]. In: Istoriya i kultura antichnogo mira [History and Culture of Ancient World]. Moscow, 121–126.
Rostovtsev, M.I. 1925: Skifi ya i Bospor [Scythia and Bosporus]. Leningrad.
Shelov, D.B. 1963: Monetnie nakhodki na Mayskoy gore [Monetary Finds on Mayskaya Mountain]. Numizmatika i epigrafi ka [Numismatics and Epigraphy] 4, 89–94.
Skrzhinskaya, M.V. 2010: Drevnegrecheskie prazdniki v Ellade i Severnom Prichernomorye [Ancient Greek Holidays in Hellas and Northern Black Sea Coast]. Saint-Petersburg.
Tunkina, I.V. 1989: Neizdannaya rabota M.I. Rostovtseva [Unpublished work of M.I. Rostovtsev]. In: M.Yu. Vachtina (ed.), Skifi ya i Bospor. Arkheologicheskie materiali k konferentsii pamyati akademika M.I. Rostovtseva [Scythia and Bosporus. Archaeological Materials for the Conference in Memory of Academician M.I. Rostovtsev]. Leningrad, 17–18.
Vinogradov, Yu.A. 2011: Ob issledovaniyakh I.E. Zabelina na gorodishe Fanagoriya v 1872 g. [On Excavations of I.E. Zabelin at the Site of Phanagoria in 1872]. Drevnosti Bospora [Bosporan Antiquities] 14, 39–45.
Zavoykin, A.A. 2004: Fanagoriya vo vtoroy polovine V – nachale IV vv. do n.e. (po materialam «Yuzhnogo goroda») [Phanagoria in the Second Half of the 5th – Beginning of the 4th Centuries. BC. (Based on the Materials of the «Southern City»)]. Moscow.
Zavoykin, A.A., Kuznetsov, V.D. 2011: Drevneyshee obshestvennoye zdanie v Fanagorii [The earlier public building in Phanagoria]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kulturi [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 4, 188–198.
Zavoykin, A.A., Kuznetsov, V.D. 2012: Nekotoriye problemy arkheologicheskoy topografi i Fanagorii [Some Problems of the Archaeological Topography of Phanagoria]. In: Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekovya. Problemy urbanizatsii [Cimmerian Bosporus and Barbarian World in the Antiquity and Middle ages. Problems of Urbanization]. Kerch, 130–146.