Abstract
At the end of the 20th century, there was an event, which made slavists pay their attention to a number of fi rm attitudes on the history of Slavic writing and its origin. Once again, linguists tried to defi ne the sources of the fi rst literary language of the Slavs and worked on the problem of linguistic similarity of the most ancient Slavic manuscripts and Cyril and Methodius`s texts. The issue of the time and the place of appearance of the fi rst service book in Slavonic language was also raised then. Bulgarian researcher, Trendafi l Krystanov, found the letter of the Ecumenical Patriarch of the 13th century, which was written on parchment, from which the Cyrillic Slavic text has been scratched out. It turned out that Herman II sacrifi ced Aprakos Evangelium (the copy of the ancient Slavic text, made in the 10th century by Bulgarian copyists) to the letter. After a very long work, the scratched-out text of the Aprokos was recovered and published in 1996. The period of the detailed study of the Vatican Evangelium of the 10th century has begun and now it is the time to analyze its value and place among the other Slavic manuscripts of the 10–11th centuries. The author of the article uses the historical and linguistic analysis of the text and endorses Krystanov`s view on the manuscript status – as the most ancient Slavic book, which was written according to Cyril and Methodius`s tradition. The copyist kept the tradition of reduced vowels and yuses and used standard verbal forms. The text had Greek words, which were replaced with Slavic lexemes in texts of the Aprokos of the 11th century. The lexicological and phraseological structure and grammatical structure of the Vatican Evangelium and Aprokoses of the 11th century demonstrate that these texts are written in the same all-Slavic literary language, which was in use in all Christianize part of the Medieval Slavia.
Keywords
Vatican Evangelium, aprokos, Trendafi l Krystanov, common literary language of the Slavs, manuscripts, Cyril and Methodius`s tradition
Budilovich, A.S. 1892: Obshcheslav’anskiy yazyk vkrugu drugih obshchih yazykov drevnej I novoy Evropy [Common Slavonic Language Among the other Common Languages of Ancient and New Europe]: v 2 t. Varshava.
Efi mova, V.S. 2011: Naimenovaniya lits v Staroslav’anskom yazyke [The Names of Persons in Old Slavonic]. Moscow.
Gorshkov, A.I. 1995: Staroslav’anskiy i drevnerusskiy literaturnyy yazyk. Botanik [Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian Literary Language. Botanist], archive.is/JiVfI
Krystanov, Tr. 1992: Otkritieto na «Bolgarskiya vatikanskiya palimpsest» v podrrepa na Maloazijskaja teorija za Kirilo-Metodijevija ezik [Opening of “Bulgarian Vatican Palimpsest” of Asia Minor in Support of the Theory of Cyril and Methodius Language]. Nauka [Science] 1, 22–25.
Krystanov, Tr. 1998: Bolgarskiyat vatikanski palimpsest [Bulgarian Vatican Palimpsest]. Palaebulgarica [Palaebulgarica] X, 1, 38–66.
Krystanov, Tr. 2010: Kakov e ezikъt na sv. Joan Ekzarh Bolgarski i na sv. Kiril i Metodiy? [What is the Language of the Holy. John, the Bulgarian Exarch, and St. Cyril and Methodius?]. Mnogoobrazie v edinstvotoото [The Diversity of Unity] 1, 76–88.
Krystanov, Tr. 2013: Slav’anskijat palimpsest v Cod. Vat. Gr. 2502. Paradoksi na kirilo-metodijevskata misija, italo-dolgarska sleda I aksioma za ezika [Slavyanskie the Palimpsest Cod. Vat. Gr. 2502. Paradoxes of Cyril and Methodius Mission, the Italian-Bulgarian Track an Axiom of the Language]. In: Panayotov V. (red.), In honorem Τριανταφγλλο. Jubileen sbornik v chest na 60 godishninata na prof. d. fi l. N. Hristo Trendafi lov [In Honorem Τριανταφγλλο: Jubilee Collection in Honor of the 60th Anniversary of Professor. D. Phil. N. Hristo Trendafi lov]. Shuven, 221–248.
Krystanov, Tr., Totomanova, A.-M., Dobrev, I. 1996: Vatikansko evangelie. Starobolgarsko evangelie: Starobolgarski aprakos ot X v. v palimpsesten kodeks. Vat. Gr. 2502 [The Gospel of the Vatican. The gospel of Starobulgarska: Starobulgarski Aprakos from X Century in Palimpseste Code. Vat. Gr. 2502]. Sofi ya, 27–210. Kuev, K. Maloaziyskayata teoriya za ezika na sv. Kiril i Metodiy [Asia Minor Theories about the Language of St. Cyril and Methodius]. Uchilishchen pregled [School Review] 39(1), 25–36.
Mihin, A.N., Osipova, A.A., Shulezhkova, S.G. (sost.) 2014: Indeks ustoychivyh slovesnyh kompleksov Ostromirova evangeliya [The Index of Sustainable Verbal Complexes of Ostromir Gospels]. Magnitogorsk. 260 ШУЛЕЖКОВА, МИХИН
Mihin, A.N., Osipova, L.N., Mishina, V.F., Shulezhkova, S.G. (sost.) 2012: Indeks ustoychivyh slovesnyh kompleksov pamjatnikov vostochnoslavjanskogo proishozhdeniya X–XI vv. [The Index of Sustainable Verbal Complexes of Monuments of the East Slavic Origin of the X–XI Centuries]. Magnitogorsk.
Mincheva, G. 2003: Zhitie. Trendafi l Krystanov otkriva naj-starita slav’anska kniga [Life. Trendafi l Krysanov Otkriva Nai Strata Slavic book]. Sega: bolgarski vestnik [Sega Bulgarian Bulletin], http://www.segabg.com/article.php?issueid=862§ionid=9&id=00003
Obolenskiy, D.D. 1998: Vizantiyskoe sodruzhestvo naciy [The Byzantine Commonwealth of Nations]. Moscow.
Pozdnyakova, N.V., Shulezhkova, S.G., Zhigulina, D.V. (sost.) 2015: Indeks ustoychivyh slovesnyh kompleksov Arhangel’skogo i Turovskogo evangeliy [The Index of Sustainable Verbal Complexes of Archangel and Turov Gospels]. Magnitogorsk.
Ševčenko, I 1991: Byzantium and the Slavs in Letters and Culture. Harward University Press. Shulezhkova, S.G. 2016: Mertsaushchiy svet drevnego slova: Staroslav’anskiy yazyk – obshchiy literaturny yazyk srednevekovoy Slavii [The Flickering Light of the Ancient Word: the Old Slavonic Language – a Common Literary Language of Medieval Slavia]. Russkaya slovesnost’ [Russian Literature]1, 7–10.
Shulezhkova, S.G., Dvorzhetskiy, R.V., Kosminsraya, E.A. 2017: Indeks ustojchivyh slovesnyh kompleksov Vatikanskogo evangeliya X veka [The Index of Sustainable Verbal Complexes of Vatican Gospels of the X Century]. Magnitogorsk. Tolstoy, N.I. 1997. Slavia Orthodoxa i Slavia Latina – obshhee i razlichnoe v literaturno-yazykovoy situacii [Slavia Orthodoxa and Slavia Latina – Common and Different in the Literary and Linguistic Situation]. Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Questions of Linguistics] 2, 16–23.
Totomanova, A.-M. 2001: Tekstologichni belezhki vъrhu vatikanskiya palimpsest [Tekstologii of Beliki Vyru Vatican Palimpsest. Preslavska Knizhovna School]. Preslavska rnizhovna shkola. T.V. Issledovaniya v chest na prof. T. Totev [Preslavska Knizhovna School. T. V. Studies in Honour of prof. T. Totev.]. Sofi a, 185–197.
Trubachov, O.N. 1992: V poiskah edinstva [In Search of Unity]. Moscow. Trubetskoy, N.S. 1 927: K probleme russkogo samopoznaniya [The Problem of Russian Selfknowledge]. Paris.
Vavrzhinek, V. 2013: Bor’ba o slav’anskoy liturgii vo Velikoy Moravii I sobytiya v Bolgarii [Dispute on the Slavonic Liturgy in (sic!) Great Moravia and Events in Bulgaria]. In: Panayotov V. (red.), In honorem Τριανταφγλλο [In Honorem Τριανταφγλλο]. Shumen, 189–199.
Vereshchagin, E.M. 1997: Istoriya vozniknoveniya drevnego Obshcheslav’anskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Perevodcheskaya deyatel’nost’ Kirilla I Mefodiya i ego uchenikov [The History of the Ancient Slavic Literary Languages: the Linguistic Activity of Cyril and Methodius and Their Disciples]. Moscow.
Vereshchagin, E.M. 2012: Kirillo-Mefodievskoe knizhnoe nasledie. Mezhyazykovye, mezhkul’turnyje i mezhdictsiplinarnyye razyskaniya [Cyril and Methodius Book Heritage. Interlingual, Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Researches]. Moscow.