HISTORY

The article proposes a typology of Roman contiones based on the following factors: participants — military and civil; organizers’ status — offi cial and unauthorized; connection of civil contiones with comitia — precomitia and independent; issues discussed at precomitia contiones — legislative, electoral, and judicial. The author points out contiones functions, gives examples of the functions realization at each type of contiones.

Key words: Roman Republic, public law system, contiones, typology.

EASTERN ALLIES AND amici OF OCTAVIAN IN CIVIL WARS OF THE 40-30-S BC.

Yu. A. Fedina

The period of civil wars that followed Julius Caesar’s death presents a special interest from the viewpoint of triumvir relations with rulers, towns, communities, temple unions, and some inhabitants of the Orient, namely of Asia Minor. Unlike Antony, who after his victory over republicans went to the East and created a broad coalition of Asia Minor and Balkan tribe heads, Octavian could not display patron-to-client wide connections. But before the civil war with Antony the would-be princeps had some provincial public at his side.

Key words: Rome, civil wars, client ship.

THE RHINE CAMPAIGN OF GAIUS CALIGULA

Ye. S. Danilov

The article deals with the foreign policy of the third emperor from Julio-Claudian dynasty. It considers possible causes of the Rhine campaign waged by Gaius Caligula. It presents an assessment of principal opinions on the issue.

Key words: Roman Empire, principate, Gaius Caligula, the Rhine.

RED-LACQUER CERAMICS FROM THE EXCAVATION OF THE ANCIENT TOWN SITE OF BELINSKOYE

V. G. Zubarev, M. S. Shaptsev

The article, a new one in a series of publications of the material obtained from the excavation of Belinskoye settlement and its necropolis during 1996-2010, deals with red-lacquer ceramics found there. Over the excavation period they found 445 profi led fragments of red-lacquer jugs, plates, bowls, dishes, cups, kantharoses, and other vessels whose analysis confi rmed a previously proposed historical reconstruction of the ancient town site development and allowed to make clear some key issues. The research results may be of some interest for a more thorough understanding of the history of the Bosporan Kingdom in general, and Late Antique period in particular.

Key words: the Bosporan Kingdom, Belinskoye settlement, red-lacquer ceramics, Roman and Late Antique period.

CHANGE OF BOSPORAN KINGDOM RURAL POPULATION IN THE EARLY CENTURIES OF A.D.

D. O. Yevdokimov

The article aims at considering agricultural population composition in the context of demographic and economic situation in Bosporus in the early centuries of A.D. The author dwells upon the following aspects: demographic situation of the period under study, turn-of-theepoch system crisis impact on different rural population groups, economic return of agricultural population change. These processes and phenomena are considered in the context of interaction between them, which made it possible to assume that Bosporus economy-growth effectiveness was due to people trying to adapt to harsh conditions and to develop more effi cient economic management. Particular emphasis has been placed on demographic aspect of establishing barbarian military settlements on Bosporus. Barbarian settlements expansion is presented as the process whose aim is to improve critical demographic situation, which inevitably entailed barbarization of Bosporan population. But if regarded in the context of economy, barbarian impact was limited as the key economic centers were basically Greek.

Key words: Bosporan Kingdom, demographic crisis, military settlers, manumission, slave labor, tenants.

LOCALIZATION OF MARGIANA TOWNS OF PARTHIAN PERIOD

V. A. Gaibov, G. A. Koshelenko, G. V. Trebelyeva

The article is an attempt to dovetail data about nine towns of the Parthian period given in Claudius Ptolemy’s “Geographic Guide” with the results of the work on making an archeological map of Merv oasis that were obtained during archeological exploration carried out by Central Asia expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the 80–90-s of the 20th c. Using previously proposed procedure (Gaibov, Trebelyeva, 2006. p.p. 157-164) the authors put forward the following identifi cation of Margiana towns: Alexandria of Margiana = Erk-kala/Gyaur-kala; Sena = Novy Kishman; Aratkha = Stary Kishman; Guriane = Chilburdge; Argadina = Gebeklydepe; Yasonion = Gechigran; Ariaka = unnamed monument # 212; Rayah = Djin-depe; Nissayah = Meruchak or Bala-Murgab.

Key words: Claudius Ptolemy, Margiana, Merv oasis, archeological map, Parthian period, localization of towns.

PRINCIPAL TRENDS IN BACTRIAN CERAMICS OF THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD

R. V. Tikhonov

Ceramics of Hellenistic Bactria display evidence of two principal development trends. The fi rst one, connected with Greek infl uence, is characterized by original Greek forms that suffered a number of changes, by fi nish techniques (stamped ornament, partial engobe), and frequent graffi ti on vessels. Alongside foreign borrowing there exist local traditions. These are represented by ‘jar’ vessels, some table and, for the most part, kitchen and household utensils. Besides, modeling and ornamentation retain original oriental forms (simple ornament, engobe).

Key words: Hellenism, Bactria, Greek innovations, ceramics, local traditions.

SAILENDRAS DYNASTY IN CONTEMPORARY HISTORIOGRAPHY

A. O. Zakharov

This is a study of the Sailendras role in the history of Java, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula in ancient times. The article contains Russian translations of principal sources mentioning the dynasty. It covers present-day debates concerning the number of dynasties reigning on central Java in the 8th — 9th c.c. and the relations between the kingdom of Srivijaya and Sailendras dynasty. It also considers three principal issues concerning the role of Sailendras in central Java, their relations with Srivijaya, and the origin of the dynasty. The author proves that Sailendras dynasty was of Java origin, and Panankarana was the fi rst ruler who proclaimed himself as a member of the dynasty. In fact, there was no difference between the so called Sanjaya dynasty and that of Sailendras. During the reign of Panankarana the polity of central Java subdued Srivijaya in the south-east of Sumatra, but we do not know how it happened. Panankarana’s conquests reached as far as Malay Peninsula where he left a famous inscription from Chaiya, also known as Ligor stele. Sailendras descendants ruled over Kedakha in Malaysia in the late 10th early 11th centuries.

Key words: Sailendras, Java, Srivijaya, Sumatra, Sanjaya.

MADRASAH AND KHANQAH IN THE GOLDEN HORDE (BASED ON WRITTEN SOURCES AND ARCHEOLOGICAL DATA)

E. D. Zilivinskaya

The article deals with higher educational institutions in Moslem countries, namely, madrasah and hostels for dervishes and pilgrims – khanqah (tekke). Written sources data testify that the Golden Horde had many institutions of the kind. But there is hardly any archeological evidence concerning the issue. The only building that can be positively assigned to madrasah is in Solkhat, the Crimea. It is built in Asia Minor construction traditions. A building of a ‘lead mosque’ that was initially built as a tekke also survived in Solkhat. In Saraj, the Golden Horde capital, they studied the building that is undoubtedly connected with Islam and is either a khanqah or a madrasah. But its layout is not fully revealed yet. The complex of buildings by the mausoleum of the 13th c. in Nizhneye Povolzhye might also be a khanqah or zawiyah.

Key words: the Golden Horde, Islam, madrasah, khanqah, tekke, zawiyah, aulia, the Crimea, Nizhneye Povolzhye, Asia Minor, Middle East.

GUARDIANS AND TRUSTEES AS LEGAL FUNCTIONALISM SUBJECTS IN REGARD TO ORPHAN CHILDREN IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY (BASED ON CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION DATA)

Ye. P. V’unik

The article deals with public assistance to orphan children in Russia in the late 19th c. when a foundation for the contemporary trusteeship was laid. Guardians and trustees, who had certain rights and duties, were legal representatives of underage children left without parental care. Guardian duties consisted in safeguarding personal interests and property rights of orphans. There were different principles behind appointing guardians from nobility and peasantry because of their different property status, different sources of income, different expenses, and different control of noble and peasant guardians by trustee boards. Consequently, the orphans depended more on countryman guardian than on nobleman guardian for their well-being.

Key words: Russian history, guardians and trustees, orphan children, orphan’s property, safeguarding orphans and their property.

BRUSILOV BREAKTHROUGH IN THE SOVIET PROPAGANDA OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR PERIOD: THE IMAGE OF AN EXTERNAL ENEMY (BASED ON FICTION)

O. Yu. Starodubova

Foreign policy circumstances of the 1940-s forced the power to challenge World War I history within the context of patriotic tendencies. Brusilov breakthrough exemplifi ed the heroism of Russian army. It successfully fi tted propaganda standard as a vivid example of soldier heroism and brought forth a radical change in the portrayal of an enemy who was represented by German and Austro-Hungarian armies and treated by writers as a powerful and dangerous enemy. Creating the image of an external enemy they resorted to historical documents and recollections of encounter with enemies.

Key words: Brusilov breakthrough, fi ction, Soviet propaganda.

CHURCH IN THE URALS DURING WORLD WAR I

M. G. Nechayev

The Russian Orthodox Church activity during the war was plunged into undeserved oblivion by Russian historiography and has long been at the periphery of history study. The article, based on new documents, considers both the way the Church tried to help Russia to endure hard times and managed to develop a pattern to mobilize its efforts, which consequently played its role during World War II.

Key words: church, the Urals, World War I, mobilization pattern.

PATRONAGE, TRUSTEESHIP, ADOPTION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: LEGAL NORM BASIS AND REGIONAL PRACTICE (based on South Urals Material)

T. S. Ryabova

Fosterage was an integral part of the system aimed at preventing and eradicating child homelessness during the Great Patriotic War. The article analyzes legal basis, presents quantitative and qualitative characteristics of patronage, trusteeship and adoption, and gives peculiarities of these forms of public assistance to the parentless underage.

Key words: South Urals, the Great Patriotic War, social policy, child homelessness, forms of public assistance to children.

PRINTED MATTER EXCHANGE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ANTIHITLER COALITION AS A MEANS OF SOCIOCULTURAL CONTACTS

I. O. Koldomasov

Printed matter exchange within the framework of anti-Hitler coalition is a complex process. Soviet newspapers and magazines that were sent abroad imparted more propaganda than information, which caused bitter criticism from the British and Americans. Western press refl ected capitalist countries ideology and was subjected to strict censorship in the USSR. Exchange results promoted better relations of the USSR with Great Britain and the USA, but ideological barriers hampered a bigger success of the exchange.

Key words: Russian history, anti-Hitler coalition, propaganda, literature exchange, allies’ image.

THE IMAGE OF AMERICA AND AMERICANS IN THE SOVIET CINEMA OF THE 1930-s (BASED OF THE FILM “THE CIRCUS”)

N. S. Frolova

An integral part of public consciousness is a notion of the outer world society has at different stages of its history. As a rule, personal experience appears minimal just when the perception of the outer world, other countries, and distant ethnic groups is at hand. Insuffi cient information triggers off common stereotypes. Soviet cinematography, gradually beginning a state body, circulated historical and political myths that suited the authorities. G. Alexandrov’s “The Circus” lays a particular emphasis on debunking decaying capitalism in democratic America where the constitution is only a piece of beautiful parchment that is kept in the safe of a legislative body.

Key words: Russia and America, American democracy, ethnic stereotypes, political ideologemes.

FOREIGN SPECIALISTS ADAPTATION TO THE SOVIET LIFE REALITY (BASED ON MAGNITOSTROY EXPERIENCE)

L. P. Spasova

The article considers factors interfering with foreign specialists’ adaptation to the living conditions in the USSR. At the time of first five-year-plan periods Magnitogorsk was one of major centers for recruiting foreign engineers. Actually foreign specialists working in the Soviet Union and at Magnitostroy in particular, notwithstanding the contract, ran into harsh working and living conditions, which caused their mass exodus abroad.

Key words: foreign specialists, industrialization, Magnitostroy, foreign technical assistance.

‘‘THE MAGNITOGORSKY RABOCHIY’’ ON PRINCIPAL TRENDS AND RESULTS OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF CPSU (BOLSHEVIK) PURGE (July-September of 1933)

A. G. Dorozhkin

The article deals with ‘‘The Magnitogorsky Rabochiy’’ newspaper covering the initial stage of party purge in Magnitogorsk in July-September of 1933. It presents the analysis of principal trends of the CPSU (Bolshevik) purge revealed at the initial stage of the purge in the town and their further development. It also analyzes the coverage of the results of the campaign by the main local newspaper ‘‘The Magnitogorsky Rabochiy’’.

Key words: Magnitogorsk, CPSU (Bolshevik), purge, party organization, expulsion from the party.

MAGNITOGORSK FEMALE POPULATION OF THE 1930-S

N. N. Makarova

The article considers female population of a new industrial center during the 1930-s. Though Magnitogorsk was founded as a town of a new type, the role of a woman did not undergo any dramatic change. Her role of a mother and a household keeper remained unchanged. But the unique character of the Soviet version of maternal medicalization implies that even though the state had a dire need for women in industry, it could not afford to diminish the role of a woman in a human reproduction sphere.

Key words: history of everyday life, woman, new town, Magnitogorsk.

THE REVEREND ST. JOHN OF THE LADDER (A CHARACTER SKETCH)

T. G. Popova

The article presents the life of a well-known Byzantine author John of the Ladder. The article contains both evidence of some problem issue concerning St. John’s life, and some previously unknown information taken from unstudied manuscripts. It also puts into academic use icons and miniatures of the saint from obverse manuscripts.

Key words: St. John Climacus, Lestvitsa, hagiography, iconography.

WHY DID THEY BURN PROTOPOPE AVAAKUM?

Ye. O. Shatsky

The deals with causes of protopope Avaakum’s death sentence in 1682. The article contains historiography issues. The author comes to the conclusion that Avaakum was executed for his religious views.

Key words: church history, death penalty, protopope Avaakum.

EPIC AND DRAMA CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTAGONISTS OF F. M. KLINGER’S “FAUST”

M. V. Krasilnikova

In 1791 F.M. Klinger writes a literary work based on a medieval legend about Faust. A wellknown work of art assumes a familiar narrative form. The ambiguity of genre interpretation is enhanced by a stark contrast between protagonists related both to epos and drama.

Key words: F.M. Klinger, Faust, Leviathan, epos, drama, time, space.

PECULIARITIES OF ROMANCE SUBJECT MATTER IN F. DOSTOYEVSKY’S NOVELS

N. A. Makaricheva

The article deals with the transformation of a traditional romance subject matter in Dostoyevsky’s novels. The author draws readers’ attention to love collisions the hero-ideologist is involved in, and identifies the type’s impact on the character of a love conflict.

Key words: Russian literature, F. Dostoyevsky, artistic world.

EXTRAVAGANT ELEMENT IN DOSTOYEVSKY’S ARTISTIC WORLD

F. V. Makarichev

The article deals with a most engaging trait of Russian character that manifests itself in exalted, freakish, and alogical behavior of the personages. The study of literary images from this viewpoint makes it possible to reveal common features of typologically distant personages.

Key words: Russian literature, F. Dostoyevsky, artistic world.

MYTHOPLOT OF TYRANT OF A FATHER AND LIBERATOR OF A SON IN PUBLICIST DISCOURSE OF THE 1860-S AND SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN’S NOVEL “A TOWN’S STORY”

Ye. G. Postnikova

The author argues that it is the epoch of Nikolay I that is the semantic dominant governing Shchedrin understanding of the Russian past. Mythoplots about brothers-enemies, and confrontation between tyrant of a father and liberator of a son in Russian mythological history cover the relations between Alexander I, Nikolay I, and Alexander II. The mythological confrontation in the history of Russia fi ts in with the tradition of introducing-blocking liberal reforms: from liberal Alexander I via diehard conservative Nikolay I to a great reformer Alexander II. But Shchedrin little by little leads the reader to the conclusion that father and son, tyrant and liberator, conservative and liberal are one and the same.

Key words: Russian literature, M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin, power, mythology, Russian history.

D. L. MIKHALOVSKIY AS AN INTERPRETER OF THOMAS HOOD POETRY

D. N. Zhatkin, E. V. Krekhtunova

The article pioneers the comparative analysis of T. Hood’s poems “The Song of the Shirt”, “The Bridge of Sighs”, “The Death-bed”, “The Lee Shore”, “The Bachelor’s Dream”, and their Russian translations that were made by D. L. Mikhalovsky in the second half of the 19th century. The study entails the conclusion that though D. L. Mikhalovsky’s translations are expressive, rich in bright images, display the translator’s ability to feel the English author’s tragic worldview, they can not be regarded as true translations. They are more likely to be loose poetic interpretations of the original stemming from Russian social-political and literary life and are closely linked to Russian reality. The authors resort to extensive factual data concerning the perception of Thomas Hood’s poetry in Russia at the time of D. L. Mikhalovsky’s translations. In particular it can be applied to opinions and judgments of M. L. Mikhailov, A. V. Druzhinin, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. A. Korinfsky, and others.

Key words: T. Hood, D. L. Mikhalovsky, Russian-English literary relations, literary translation, poetry, reminiscence, reception, comparative study, cross-cultural communication.

ARTISTIC HISTORIOSOPHY IN THE PROSE OF MIKHAIL BULGAKOV

V. B. Petrov

The mid thirties of the 20th century saw Bulgakov going from the problem of intelligentsia fate in revolutionary reality to the problem of its place in a post-revolutionary world. In his satirical novellas Bulgakov raises an issue of social progress giving marked preference to Great Evolution.

Key words: Mikhail Bulgakov, satire.

NATIONAL IMAGES OF WAR AND PEACE IN THE LYRICAL POETRY OF THE 20th CENTURY

I. F. Gerasimova

The article analyzes lyric verses of poets participating in military actions of the 20th century. It is inferred that, given an apparent difference, the lyrics of poets from different countries share common features of a sweetheart image that refl ects the author’s mentality, has the value of its own, and can be regarded as an integral part of the image of courage. It can also be viewed as a realized life value associated with peace and happiness, which one must defend even at the expense of one’s life.

Key words: lyrical hero, archetype, mentality, national character, spiritual harmony.

CRITIQUE AND LITERARY CRITIC ASSESSMENT OF O. I. SENKOVSKY

G. Z. Gilyazheva

The article deals with critique and literary critic assessment of literary work of Osip Ivanovich Senkovsky. The analysis helps to prove that there has been a necessity to undertake a detailed study of his work as a writer and a journalist, a study of historical and literary signifi cance of his books and articles, their artistic arrangement and genre peculiarities.

Key words: Russian literature, O. I. Senkovsky, criticism, journal “Biblioteka dlya Chteniya”

GENDER STEREOTYPE MODIFICATION IN A “FEMALE” NOVEL

L. T. Yagafarova

Gender issue is quite important in present-day science. Changed male and female representations brought forth a wide public response and a great number of academic studies. The article aims at illustrating social transformations with examples of ‘female’ novel, as it is a female author who is capable of giving a thorough description of social realia, stereotypes, and canons.

Key words: history of literature, “female novel”, gender, stereotype.

CONCEPT ‘CITY’ IN VARLAM SHALAMOV’S KOLYMA TEXT

Ye. A. Mukhina

This is a pioneer study of the concept ‘city’ in the context of macro image of prison camp prose. Specifi c features of the concept are revealed through Russian classics traditions. Urban symbol meaning is determined through the analysis of subject-object narration system.

Key words: concept, macro image, symbol, tradition, chronotope.

QUOTATION FUNCTION IN A MODULE MEMORIAL TEXT

Ye. V. Bykova

The article deals with the analysis of a quotation communicative function in a memorial text. Quotation, a word-for-word repetition of an oral or written text fragment, is considered as a speech phenomenon, a symbol of an epoch in a historical and cultural context.

Key words: linguistics, function, communication, quotation, impact, speech.

STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF COOPERATIVE DIALOGUE IN OHG (BASED ON HANS SACHS’S FASTNACHTSPILLE)

D. Ye. Nifontova

This is a study of some strategies and tactics of a cooperative dialogue in Old High German. Using the material of an extract from Hans Sach’s work the author analyzes the strategy of self presentation and the strategy of establishing/encouraging cooperation. The author also presents the analysis of linguistic means used by interlocutors to achieve communication objectives.

Key words: speech strategy, speech tactics, fastnachtspille, cooperative and confrontational dialogue.

ETHNO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SETTLEMENTS OF NAGAIBAK DISTRICT, CHELYABINSKAYA OBLAST FROM 1842 TO 1926

I. R. Atnagulov

The article, covering the period from 1842 to 1926, deals with an ethno-demographic aspect of Cossack and non-Cossack settlements that were established on the territory of the presentday Nagaibak district of Chelyabinskaya oblast. This is a period of developing Nagaibak ethnic identity and ethnic pattern of Nagaibak district in general.

Key words: ethnology, ethno-demographic aspect, Nagaibaks.

KAVAR BACKGROUND OF CHUVASH

A. K. Salmin

The article treats the history of Kavar tribe in the context of Khazaria adopting Judaism. According to the sources of the early 8th — late 10th cc. the Kavars were a part of Savir confederation who worshipped Кuar/Кavar, a pagan deity. After their unsuccessful action against the Kagan the Kavars had to escape to Magyar Levedia.

Key words: Khazar, Jews, Savirs, Kavars, Magyars.

CEMENTARIES AND GRAVE MEMORIALS OF NON-BAPTIZED CHUVASH IN BASHKORTOSTAN (2010 FIELD SEASON)

V. V. Medvedyev

The article, based on publications and 2010 fi eld work material, is concerned with funeral traditions of non- baptized Chuvash of Bashkortostan. The main objective is to study and to analyze gravestones of the Chuvash, to reval the preserved traditions, and to display new aspects of funeral procedure and headstone setting.

Key words: non-baptized Chuvash, funeral rituals, grave memorials, yupa.

FOLKLORE MOTIFS IN TURKISH AND TURK-BASHKIR MEDIAEVAL LITERATURE

N. A. Khubbitdinova

The article deals with artistic representation of folklore motifs in Turkish and Turk-Bashkir mediaeval literature. The motifs under study are presented in their new ideological and esthetic functions. The author puts forward new artistic problems that get individual treatment in writers’ works and folklore.

Key words: folklore motifs, mediaeval literature, Khosrow, Shirin, Farhad, dastan.

BASHKIR VERSIFICATION PECULIARITIES BEFORE THE 30-s OF THE 20th CENTURY

S. A. Iskandarova

The article deals with peculiarities of two versifi cation systems, namely metric aruz and folk syllabic ones, that coexisted in Bashkir poetry before the 30-s of the 20th century. The early 20th century saw interplay of aruz and folk poetry forms, but by the late 1920-s aruz, that had a key role throughout the centuries, went out of existence. Syllabic versifi cation that had always been secondary reaches a strong position of the only versifi cation system in Bashkir poetry.

Key words: Bashkir versifi cation, aruz, syllabic versifi cation, rhyme, strophics, Arab- Persian poetic forms.

“TO RECOGNIZE THE IMPERIAL ARCHEOLOGICAL COMMISSION AS A GOVERNMENTAL CENTER”

A. S. Smirnov

The article on the basis of archives data displays the activities of the Imperial Archeological Commission concerning establishing in Russia universal rules about excavation. These rules were put into practice through the system of Open lists. At this point the Archeological commission had to overcome both lack of understanding on the part of colleagues and inertia of local authorities. Traditionally, the idea of the centralized issuing of Open lists is due to A. A. Bobrinsky. But similar proposals were made by some provincial archeologists as far back as 1886, Turvont Kibalchich, antiquarian from Kiev, among them. He also advanced other changes concerning the activity of the Archeological commission. Heated debate about the commission’s sole right to issue Open lists raged not only in archeological societies but found its way into newspapers as well, which testifi es that enlightened Russian society did not regard it as an exclusively professional problem but considered it to be an attempt both to limit the rights of scientifi c societies by establishing state control of their fi eldwork and to impinge upon property rights of local administrations and landowners.

Key words: the Imperial Archeological Commission, Open lists, Moscow Archeological society, Russian Archeological society.

R. KUZEYEV’S FIELD DIARY OF PAMIR-FERGHANA EXPEDITION

I. V. Antonov

The article is concerned with R. Kuzeyev’s fi eld diary who was a member of Kirghiz party of 1952 Pamir-Ferghana Ethnographic Mission headed by S. M. Abramzon. He studied culture and household set-up of the population of Darkhan village, Pokrovsky district, Issyk-Kul region of Kirghiz SSR. The diary contains the record of his work, nature study of the region, population activity, material and spiritual culture, tribal order, and public life, with particular emphasis on life and household set-up phenomena common to Kirghiz, Kazakh, and Bashkir population. The expedition to Kirghizia honed R. Kuzeyev’s skills in ethnographic fi eld word, which contributed to his making a well-known scholar.

Key words: Kuzeyev Rail’, Ethnographic Mission, Kirghizia, Kirghiz, Darkhan village, Issyk-Kul, Tien Shan.

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