Abstract
The article deals with the question of settle of the Late Scythian population in the North-Western Crimea. The problem is considered on the base of materials from the longstanding excavations of four settlements: Kalos Limen, Belyaus, Kerkinitis and «Chayka». The article is focused on three aspects: the time of arrival of the Late Scythians, the ethnic attribution of the discovered constructions and layers of the second century BC and the hypothesis of the origin of the population, which occupied the region in that period. Overview of the ideas about the date of the settle of the Late Scythians shows wide range of views. According to opinions of the different scholars, the Scythians occupied Belyaus in the early second century BC, Kalos Limen – at the middle, Kerkinitis – at the third quarter, and «Chaika» – at the end of the same century. Such dispersion of the dates and geography is diffi cult to accept unconditionally. In some cases these dates are based on the old chronological schemes. In other cases the problem may lie in the cultural attribution of the constructions and layers. Some researchers consider the remains of the second century BC as «early Scythian» and others regard them as «late Greek». The analysis of publications shows, that only pit-houses of a particular type and some features of building technology can be considered as markers of Late Scythian presence. Hand-made pottery, which could become an important indicator, is not published yet. Overview of the publications demonstrates a wide range of opinions on where the Late Scythians came from. In the most cases, these opinions are based on the similarities of the particular characteristics of the Late Scythian culture. However, these characteristics are considered without attention to chronology. One of the ways to solve described problems is the special research of the Late Scythian housebuilding.
Keywords
later Scythian, North- Western Crimea, Crimean Scythia
Bylkova, V.P. 2007: Nizhnee Podneprov`e v antichnuiu epohu (po materialam raskopok poseleniy).
Kherson.
Dashevskaya, O.D. 1971: Skify na severo-zapadnom poberezh`e Kryma v svete novyh otkrytiy. Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii SSSR 177, 151–155.
Dashevskaya, O.D. 1990: Pozdneskifskaia fortifi katsiia i eye variant na gorodishche Belyaus. In: A.I. Melyukova (red.), Problemy skifo-sarmatskoy arkheologii. Moscow, 143–158.
Dashevskaya, O.D. 1991: Pozdnie skify v Krymu. Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov D 1–7. M.
Dashevskaya, O.D., Golentsov, A.S. 2004: K 40-letiyu raskopok gorodishcha Belyaus. In: T.E.
Pridneva (red.), Arkheologiya Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma. Simferopol, 26–41.
Gavrilyuk, N.A. 2013: Lepnaia keramika iz bashni poseleniia Kul`chuk v severo-zapadnom
Krymu. In: V.V. Clyuchnikov (red.), Prichernomor`e v antichnoe i rannesrednevekovoe vremia. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov, posviashchennyy 65-letiyu professora V.P. Kopylova. Rostov-na-Donu, 341–361.
Gavrilyuk, N.A., Abikulova, M.I. 1991: Pozdneskifskie pamiatniaki Nizhnego Podneprov`ya (novye materialy). II. Kiev.
Golenko, K.V., Shcheglov, A.N. 1971: Tri pozdneellinisticheskie tetradrakhmy iz Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma. Vestnik drevney istorii 1, 41–47.
Golentsov, A.S. 1994: Okhrannye raskopki antichnogo Kul`chukskogo gorodishcha i mogil`nika v 1989–1993. In: I.A. Baranov, V.A. Kutaysov, A.G. Leetvinenko, V. L. Mytsc (red.),
Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Krymu. 1993 god. Simferopol, 80–84.
Grakov, B.N. 1939: Materialy po istorii Skifi i v grecheskikh nadpisiakh Balkanskogo poluostrova i Maloy Azii. Vestnik drevney istorii 3, 231–312.
Kats, V.I. 2007: Grecheskie keramicheskie cleyma epohi classiki i ellinizma (opyt kompleksnogo izucheniya). Simferopol–Kerch`.
Khrapunov, I.N. 2004: Etneycheskaia istoriia Kryma v rannem zheleznom veke. Bosporskie issledovaniya VI.
Koltuhov, S.G. 2003: Istoriya issledovaniy Krymskoy Skifi i. Stratum plus. Staraya Skifi ya 3, 320–321.
Kutaysov, V.A. 1990: Antichnyy gorod Kerkinitida. VI–II vv. do n.e. Kiev.
Kutaysov, V.A. 1992: Kerkinitida. Simferopol.
Kutaysov, V.A. 2003: Kerkinitida i Khersones v IV–II vv. do n.e. Vestnik drevney istorii 2, 60–90.
Kutaysov, V.A. 2004: Kerkinitida v antichnuyu epohu. Kiev.
Kutaysov, V.A. 2012: Istoriya issledovaniya antichnykh pamyatnyakov Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma. In: Z.I. Pysach (red.), Kalos-Limen: muzey i zapovednik. Simferopol, 34–72.
Kutaysov, V.A. 2013: Antichnyy polis Kerkinitida. Materialy k arheologicheskoj karte Kryma XIII. Simferopol.
Lantsov, S.B. 2012: Kul`chukskoe gorodishche. Kratkiy obzor issledovaniy Donuzlavskoy ekspeditsii KF IA NANU. In: Z.I. Pysach (red.), Kalos-Limen: muzey i zapovednik. Simferopol, 73–89.
Lantsov, S.B. 2010: Rezul`taty issledovaniya Kulchukskogo gorodishcha (IV v. do n.e. – I v. n.e.) na hore Khersonesa Tavricheskogo. In: A.A. Maslennikov, N.A. Gavrilyuk, A.A. Zavoykin (red.), ΣΙΜΒΟΛΑ. Antichnyy mir Severnogo Prichernomorya. Noveyshie nahodki i otkrytiya. 1. Moscow, 142–151.
Moiseev, L.A. 1918: Khersones Tavricheskiy i raskopki 1917 g. v Evpatorii. ITUAK 54, 241–259.
Popova, E.A. 1991: Yugo-zapadnyy kvartal skifskogo poseleniya u sanatoriya Chaika bliz Evpatorii. In: Yu.L. Shchapova I.V. Yatsenko (red.), Pamyatnyaki zheleznogo veka v okrestnostyakh Evpatorii. Moscow, 37–75.
Popova, E.A. 1998: O Severo-Prichernomorskom domostroitel`stve I v. do n.e. – I v. n.e. (po materialam kvartala Zapad-II gorodishcha «Chaika»). In: Istoricheskaya arkheologiya.
Traditsii i perspektivy. K 80-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya D.A. Avdusina. Moscow, 182–195.
Popova, E.A. 1999: Pozdneskifskie gorodishcha Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma i problema istokov pozdneskifskoy kul`tury. In: 60 let kafedre arkheologii MGU im. Lomonosova. Moscow, 153–155.
Popova, E.A. 2007: Grecheskoe poselenie na gorodishche «Chaika» vo vtoroy polovine III–II v. do n.e. In: Yu.L. Shchapova I.V. Yatsenko (red.), Materialy issledovaniy gorodishcha «Chaika» v Severo-Zapadnom Krymu. Moscow, 4–130.
Popova, E.A. 2009: Problemy arkheologii i istorii Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma v IV v. do n.e. – I v. n.e. (po materialam gorodishcha «Chaika» i nekropolya u posyelka Zaozernoe). Vestnik
Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 8. Istoriya 3, 102–128.
Popova, E.A. 2012: Gorodishche «Chaika» pozdneellinisticheskogo vremeni i problema istokov pozdneskifskoy kul`tury. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, cul’tury 2 (36), 3–17.
Popova, E.A., Pezhemskiy, D.V., Belovintseva, N.I. 2015: Gorodishche Chaika, nekropol` i kamenolomnya antichnoy epohi na okraine Evpatorii v Severo-Zapadnom Krymu: itogi i perspektivy issledovaniya. Istoricheskie issledovaniya 3, 76–112.
Puzdrovskiy, A.E. 1999: Etneycheskaya istoriya Krymskoi` Skifi i (II v. do n.e. – III v. n.e.). KHS X, 208–225.
Puzdrovskiy, A.E. 2007: Krymskaya Skifi ya. II v. do n.e. – III v. n.e. Pogrebal`ny`e pamyatniki. Simferopol.
Saprykin, S.Yu. 1996: Pontiyskoe tsarstvo. M.
Shcheglov, A.N. 1970: Poseleniya Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma v antichnuyu epohu. Kratkie soobshhenija Instituta arheologii 124, 19–24.
Shcheglov, A.N. 1978: Severo-Zapadnyy Krym v antichnuyu epohu. L.
Shul`ts, P.N. 1941: Evpatoriyskiy rayon. In: M.I. Artamonov (ed.), Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v RSFSR 1934–1936 gg. M.-L., 265–277.
Shul`ts, P.N. 1971: Pozdneskifskaya kul`tura i eye varianty na Dnepre i v Krymu. Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii SSSR 177, 127–143.
Smekalova, T.N. 2010: Pamyatnyaki epohi bronzy i rannego zheleznogo veka na poluostrove
Tarhankut: katalog. Materialy k arheologicheskoj karte Kryma II.
Smekalova, T.N. 2013: Dinamika sistem` rasseleniya i ierarhiya poseleniy v severo-zapadnom
Krymu v pozdnem bronzovom i rannem zheleznom vekakh. Materialy k arheologicheskoj karte Kryma VIII, 2. 6–16.
Smekalova, T.N., Chudin, A.V., Kotin, M.A. 2013: Katalog poseleniy epohi bronzy i rannego zheleznogo veka i sledy pahotnykh uchastkov, otkrytykh v khode razvedok v 2007–2012 g.
Materialy k arheologicheskoj karte Kryma VIII, 2. 194–215.
Smekalova, T.N., Stolba, V.F. 2009: Pamyatniki epohi bronzy i rannego zheleznogo veka na poluostrove Tarhankut: predvaritel`noe soobshchenie. Materialy k arheologicheskoj karte Kryma I.
Tyumenev, A.I. 1950: Khersonesskie etyudy. IV. Khersones i mestnoe naselenie: skify. Vestnik drevney istorii 2, 48–56.
Tunkina, I.V. 2002: Russkaya nauka o classicheskikh drevnostyakh yuga Rossii (XVIII–seredina XIX v.). Saint-Petersburg.
Uzhentsev, V.B. 1994: Zemlyanki iz skifskogo gorizonta Kalos Limena. In: V.A. Kutaysov (red.), Severo-Zapadnyy Krym v antichnuyu epohu. Kiev, 238–252.
Uzhentsev, V.B. 2006: Elliny i varvar` Prekrasnoy Gavani (Kalos Limen v IV v. do n.e. – II v. n.e.): Materialy po arkheologii Kryma. Simferopol.
Vinogradov, Yu.G. 1987: Votivnaya nadpis` docheri tsarya Skilura iz Pantikapeya i problemy istorii Skifi i i Bospora vo II v. do n. e. Vestnik drevney istorii 1, 55–87.
Vlasov, V.P. 1999: Etnokul`turni procesy v Krimu u III st. do n.e. - IV st.n.e.: avtoreferat disertacii` na zdobuttja naukovogo stupenja kandidata istorichnyh nauk. Kiev.
Vnukov, S.Yu. 1997: Novye dannye ob istorii Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma (po rezul`tatam raskopok poslednikh let). Krymskya arkheologiya 2. Simferopol, 37–47.
Vnukov, S.Yu. 1999: Raskopki gorodishcha i nekropolya Kara-Tobe u g. Saki v 1998 g. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, cul’tury VIII, 207–211.
Vnukov, S.Yu. 2001: The North-Western Crimea: an historical-archaeological essay. Colloquia Pontica 6, 149–176.
Vnukov, S.Yu. 2006: Prichernomorskie amfory I v. do n.e. – II v. n.e. Chast` II: Petrografi ya, khronologiya, problemy torgovli. Saint-Petersburg.
Vnukov, S.Yu. 2010: Novye issledovaniya i nahodki na gorodishche Kara-Tobe v Severo-
Zapadnom Krymu. In: A.A. Maslennikov, N.A. Gavrilyuk, A.A. Zavoykin (red.), ΣΙΜΒΟΛΑ. Antichnyi mir Severnogo Prichernomorya. Noveyshie nakhodki i otkrytiya. 1. Moscow, 37–42.
Vnukov, S.Yu. 2010: Sinopean Amphorae of the Roman Period. Ancient Civilizations from Scythya to Siberia 16, 361–370.
Vysotskaya, T.N. 2004: Obshchee i osobennoe v kul`ture pozdnikh skifov Kryma. In: S.G. Koltuhov, S.B. Lantsov, A.E. Puzdrovskiy (red.), U Ponta Evksinskogo (pamyati P.N. Shul`tsa). Simferopol, 41–49.
Yatsenko, I.V. 1970: Issledovanie sooruzheniy skifskogo perioda na gorodishche Chaika v Evpatorii (1964–1967 gg.). Kratkie soobshhenija Instituta arheologii 124, 31–38.
Yatsenko, I.V. 1974: Arkheologicheskie raskopki v predmest`e Evpatorii VI. 4, 211–215.
Yatsenko, I.V. 1983: Severnyy kvartal I skifskogo poseleniya na Chaikinskom gorodishche v
Evpatorii (po materialam raskopok 1974–1975 gg.). In: T.N. Vysotskaya (red.), Naselenie i kul`tura Kryma v pervye veka n.e. Kiev, 46–66.
Yatsenko, I.V., Turina T.N. 1991: Zdanie III v. do n.e. na gorodishche Chaika v Evpatorii. In: Yu.L. Shchapova I.V. Yatsenko (red.), Pamyatniki zheleznogo veka v okrestnostyakh Evpatorii. Moscow, 82–154.
Zaytsev, Yu.P. 2003: Neapol` Skifskiy (II v. do n. e. – III v. n. e.). Simferopol.
Zaytsev, Yu.P. 2013: Neapol` Skifskiy – Ak-Kaya – Pantikapey: varvary Kryma i Bospor v III–I vv. do n.e. In: Bosporskiy fenomen. Greki i varvary na Evraziyskom perekrestke: Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii (Saint-Petersburg, 19–22 noyabrya 2013 g.). Saint-Petersburg, 499–506.
Zaytsev, Yu.P. 2015: Oboronitel`nye sooruzheniya kreposti Ak-Kaya v Central`nom Krymu (epoha ellinizma i rimskiy period). In: D.V. Zhuravlyev (red.), S Mitridata duet veter. Bospor i Prichernomor`e v antichnosti. K 70-letiyu V.P. Tolstikova. Moscow, 164–173.
Zhebelev, S.A. 1953: Severnoe Prichernomor`e. Issledovaniya i stat`i po istorii Severnogo Prichernomor`ya antichnoy epohi. Moscow–Leningrad, 231–232.