Elagabalus' "Umbrellas"

download PDF

Abstract

The sun and fertility god Elagabal held a prominent place in the Roman pantheon for a short period. Among his symbolic attributes, a conical stone stood out. Coinage depicts objects resembling "umbrellas" framing the baetyl. The article emphasizes the ceremonial significance of Elagabalus's "umbrellas".

Keywords

ancient religion, Roman Empire, numismatics, Elagabalus, umbrella.

Evgeniy S. Danilov – P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Baldus, H.R. 1991: Zur Aufnahme des Sol Elagabalus-Kultes in Rom, 219 n. Chr. Chiron 21, 175–178.

Badaracco, E. 2015: Il culto del Deus Elagabalus dal I al III secolo d.C. attraverso le testimonianze epigrafiche, letterarie e numismatiche. Tesi di Dottorato in "Storia, Letterature e Culture del Mediterraneo", XXVIII ciclo. Sassari.

De Arrizabalaga y Prado, L. 2010: The Emperor Elagabalus. Fact or Fiction? Cambridge.

Frey, M. 1989: Untersuchungen zur Religion und zur Religionspolitik des Kaisers Elagabal. Stuttgart.

Güzel Yıldırım, S. 2023: Emesa'lı Güneş Tanrısı'nın Kutsal Taşı: Küçük Asya Sikkelerinde Emesa Baetylosları. Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçileri Restoratörler Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi. E-Journal Common Platform of Architects, Archaeologists, Art Historians and Conservator-Restorers 17.2, 14–32.

Icks, M. 2008: Images of Elagabalus. Dissertation. Nijmegen.

Klimowsky, E.W. 1964: Sonnenschirm und Baldachin. Zwei Sinnbilder der irdischen und himmlischen Würde, insbesondere auf antiken Münzen. Schweizer Münzblätter 13.14 (55), 121–134.

Lo Bello, A. 2020: The Origins of Catholic Words. A Discursive Dictionary. Washington.

Miller, M.C. 1992: The Parasol: An Oriental Status-Symbol in Late Archaic and Classical Athens. Journal of Hellenic Studies 112, 91–105.

Muscarella, O.W. 1999: Parasols in the Ancient Near East. Notes in the History of Art 18.2, 1–7.

Overlaet, B. 2009: A Roman Emperor at Bishopar und Darabgird – Uranius Antoninus and the Black Stone of Emesa. Iranica Antiqua 44, 461–530.

Rowan, C. 2006: The Procession of Elagabalus and the Problem of the Parasols. Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia 17, 114–119.

Sommer, M. 2004: Elagabal – Wege zur Konstruktion eines 'schlechten' Kaisers'. Scripta Classica Israelica XXIII, 95–110.

Turfa, J.M. 1999: Parasols in Etruscan Art. Notes in the History of Art 18.2, 15–24.

Woytek, B.E. 2019: Elagabalus and the Aedes Dei Invicti Solis Elagabali in Rome: The Numismatic Evidence. Numismatic Chronicle 179, 205–224.