Abstract
The article deals with a group of sites examined by the Central Asian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of archaeology of the Academy of Sciences USSR (RAS) in the framework of a large-scale project on the archaeological mapping of the Merv oasis, initiated and headed for over 20 years (1980–2003) by G.A. Koshelenko. This group was called Durnali by the name of the key monument located in the immediate vicinity of the ancient canal of the same name. The complete archaeological survey of the area (without excavations) allowed to restore the following picture of the dynamics of this “micro-oasis”. In the 1st to early 2nd century AD there is a small fortifi ed settlement (fortress) of Durnali. In the Sassanid period, the development and expansion of the object beyond the fortifi cations to the south takes place. In the next, early Arab period (8th –9th centuries) the fortress itself ceases to exist, but life continues on the southern settlement, along with which a new settlement appears to the east and a rabat is being built. Later, the rabat is rebuilt in keshk. The death of the settlement occurred in the 13th century, most likely, as a result of the Mongol invasion. This periodization of the history of the group of monuments of Durnali generally coincides with the periods of life of other similar groups on the territory of the Merv oasis. Apparently, it is generally typical for the history of Margiana of antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Keywords
Merv oasis, Margiana, fortification, Durnali, irrigation, rabat, ding, keshk.
Atlas Aziatskoy Rossii. Izdanie Pereselencheskogo Upravleniya Glavnogo Upravleniya zemleustrojstva i zemledeliya [Atlas of Asian Russia. Publication of the Resettlement Department of the Main Department of land management and agriculture]. 1914. Saint Petersburg.
Bartold, V.V. 1965: K istorii orosheniya Turkestana [On the history of irrigation of Turkestan]. In: V.V. Bartold (ed.), Sochineniya [Writings]. III. Moscow.
Bartold, V.V. 1965: K istorii Merva [On the history of Merv]. In: V.V. Bartold (ed.), Sochineniya [Writings]. IV. M.
Gavryushenko, P.P. 1969: Gorodishche Shaim-kala Starogo Merva (lager’ sel’dzhukidskikh voysk) [The site of Shaim-Kala in Old Merv (Seljuk troops camp)]. Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenistanskoy arkheologicheskoy kompleksnoy ekspeditsii [Proceedings of the South Turkmenistan Archeological Complex Expedition]. XIV. Ashkhabad.
Gaibov, V.A. 2018: K voprosu ob oboronitelnykh sooruzheniyakh Margiany. Krepost Chilburdzh [On the issue of Margiana fortifi cations. Fortress Chilburj]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kultury [Journal of historical, philological and cultural studies] 3, 157–169.
Gaibov, V.A. 2018: Krepost’ Changly i ee okruga: evolyutsiya razvitiya [Changly Fortress and its districts: evolution of development]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kultury [Journal of historical, philological and cultural studies] 4, 197–215.
Gaibov, V.A., Trebeleva, G.V. 2006: Lokalizatsii dvukh gorodov Margiany (o nekotorykh vozmozhnostyakh GIS-tekhnologiy) [Localization of the two cities of Margiana (on some capabilities of GIS-technologies)]. Rossiyskaya Arkheologiya [Russian Archaeology] 3, 157–164.
Gaibov, V., Koshelenko, G., Trebeleva, G. 2010: O gorodakh parfyanskoy Margiany [On the cities of Parthian Margiana]. In: Traditsii Vostoka i Zapada v antichnoy kul’ture Sredney Azii [The traditions of East and West in ancient culture of Central Asia]. Tashkent, 117–121.
Gaibov, V.A., Koshelenko, G.A., Trebeleva, G.V. 2011: O lokalizatsii gorodov Margiany parfyanskogo vremeni [On the localization of the cities of Margiana of Parthian time]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kultury [Journal of historical, philological and cultural studies] 2, 65–95.
Gubaev, A., Gaibov, V. 1986: Ob arkheologicheskoy karte Margiany [On the archaeological map of Margiana]. Pamyatniki Turkmenistana [Monuments of Turkmenistan] 1 (41), 4–6.
Zhukovskiy, V.A. 1894: Drevnosti Zakaspiyskogo Kraya. Razvaliny Starogo Merva [Antiquities of the Transcaspian region. Ruins of Old Merv]. (Materialy po arkheologii Rossii [Materials on the archeology of Russia]. 16. Saint Petersburg.
Koshelenko, G.A. 1963: Parfyanskaya fortifi katsiya [Parthian Fortifi cation]. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 2, 57–73.
Lyapin, A. 1988: Khurmuzfarra [Hurmuzfarrah]. Pamyatniki Turkmenistana [Sites of Turkmenistan] 1 (45), 20–22.
Masalskiy, V.I. 1913: Turkestanskiy kray [Turkestan region]. (Rossiya. Polnoe geografi cheskoe opisanie nashego Otechestva. Pod red. V.P. Semenova-Tyan-Shanskogo) [V.P. Semenov- Tyan-Shansky (ed.), Russia. Full geographical description of our Fatherland]. XIX. Saint Petersburg.
Masson, M.E. 1955: Kratkaya khronika polevykh rabot YUTAKE za 1948–1952 gg. [A brief chronicle of YUTAKE fi eld work in 1948–1952]. In: Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenistanskoy arkheologicheskoy kompleksnoy ekspeditsii [Proceedings of the South Turkmenistan Archeological Complex Mission]. V. Ashkhabad 197–249.
Masson, M.E. 1966: Srednevekovye torgovye puti iz Merva v Khorezm i v Maverannakhr (v predelakh Turkmenskoy SSR) [Medieval trade routes from Merv to Khorezm and to Maverannakhr (within the Turkmen SSR)]. In: Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenistanskoy arkheologicheskoy kompleksnoy ekspeditsii [Proceedings of the South Turkmenistan Archeological Complex Mission]. XIII. Ashkhabad.
Nikitin, A.B., Sogomonov, A.Yu. 1987: Ottiski pechatey i kleyma na keramike sasanidskogo vremeni iz Mervskogo oazisa [The stamps and hallmarks on pottery of the Sasanid time from the Merv oasis]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 118–123.
Pilipko, V.N. 1980: Parfyanskiye bronzovyye monety so znakom П pod lukom [Parthian bronze coins with the sign П under the bow]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 105–124.
Pilyavskiy, V.I. 1947: Syrcovye sooruzheniya drevnego Merva [Mud brick structures of ancient Merv]. In: Soobshcheniya Instituta istorii i teorii arkhitektury [Reports of the Institute of history and theory of architecture] 8. Moscow, 47–72.
Pilyavsky, V.I. 1950: Arkhitektura drevnego Merva [Architecture of ancient Merv]. In: Nauchnye trudy Leningradskogo inzhenerno-stroitel’nogo instituta [Scientific works of the Leningrad Institute of civil engineering] 10. Moscow–Leningrad, 95–121.
Pribytkova, A.M. 1973: Stroitelnaya kultura Sredney Azii IX–XII vv. [Building culture of Central Asia of 9th –12th centuries] Moscow.
Pugachenkova, G.A. 1952: Parfyanskie kreposti yuzhnogo Turkmenistana (iz materialov rabot YUTAKE) [Parthian fortresses of southern Turkmenistan (from the materials of YUTAKE works)]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 215–225.
Pugachenkova, G.A. 1958: Puti razvitiya arkhitektury Yuzhnogo Turkmenistana pory rabovladeniya i feodalizma [Ways of development of architecture of Southern Turkmenistan in time of slavery and feudalism]. Moscow.