Abstract
On the territory of the Anapa district of the Krasnodar Territory, no more than a dozen settlements of the 8th–10th centuries are known. These include the settlement of Usatova Balka-4, firstly dating back to the ancient period, located in the vicinity of Anapa on the southern bank of the Anapka River. In 2011, a team from the South Russian Center for Archaeological Research under the leadership of A.A. Krainev identified at the site catacomb burials of the Middle Bronze Age, layers and complexes (utility pits) of the 6th–5th centuries BC to the 3rd century AD, as well as objects from the latest period (8th–9th centuries): utility pits and a twotier pottery kiln without a central support column in the combustion block, in which gray-clay polished tableware was fired. At the moment, this is the only pottery complex of the Khazar period identified on the territory of the Anapa region. Unfortunately, the pottery workshop was not completely within the excavation area, so it has not yet been possible to establish where the vessels were made, the raw materials and the finished molding mass were stored. The main and auxiliary production facilities of the workshop were not found.
Keywords
Anapa region, settlement of Usatova Balka-4, pottery kiln, polished gray-clay ceramics, Saltovo-Mayaki pottery.
Vаleriy Yu. Kononov, Crimean Regional Center for Archaeological Research LLC, Simferopol, Russia, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Leonid Yu. Ponomarev, Institute of Archaeology of Crimea, Russian Academy of Sciences, Simferopol, Russia, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Aksenov, V.S. 2009: Issledovaniya rannesrednevekovykh zakhoroneniy bliz sela Metallovka v 2006 godu (Netaylovskiy gruntovyy mogil’nik) [Studies of early medieval burials near the village of Metallovka in 2006 (Netaylovsky ground burial ground)]. In: Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ya [Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages]. Vol. 7. Khazar Era. Donetsk, 231–258.
Bakushev, M.A. 2019: Goncharnyy proizvodstvennyy kompleks rannesrednevekovogo vremeni u stanitsy Zmeyskoy [An Early Medieval pottery production complex next the village of Zmeyskaya]. In: R.F. Fidarov (ed.), Arkheologicheskoe nasledie: materialy i interpretatsii [Archaeological Heritage: Materials and Interpretations]. Vladikavkaz, 95–117.
Baranov, I.A. 1990: Tavrika v epokhu rannego srednevekov’ja (saltovo-mayatskaya kul’tura) [Taurica in the Early Middle Ages (Saltovo-Mayaki Culture)]. Kiev.
Bgazhba, O.Kh. 1977: Ocherki po remeslu srednevekovoy Abkhazii (VIII–XIV vv.) [Essays on the Craft of Medieval Abkhazia (8th–14th Centuries)]. Sukhumi.
Bobrinskiy, A.A. 1991: Goncharnye masterskie i gorny Vostochnoy Evropy (po materialam II–V vv. n. e.) [Pottery Workshops and kilns of Eastern Europe (Based on the Materials of the 2nd–5th centuries AD)]. Moscow.
Darkevich, V.P. 1960: Simvoly nebesnykh svetil v ornamente Drevney Rusi [Symbols of heavenly bodies in the ornament of Old Russia]. Sovetskaya akrheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 4, 56–67.
Flerov, V.S. 1979: O kleymakh saltovo-mayatskoy loshchenoy keramiki [Stamps of Saltovo- Mayaki polished ceramics]. In: V.B. Vinogradov (ed.), Arkheologiya i voprosy etnicheskoy istorii Severnogo Kavkaza [Archaeology and Issues of Ethnic History of the North Caucasus]. Groznyy, 94–103.
Flerov, V.S. 1981: Rasprostranenie loshchenoy keramiki na territorii saltovo-mayatskoy kul’tury [Distribution of polished ceramics on the territory of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture]. In: Pliska- Preslav. Prablgarskata kultura 2, 170–181.
Flerova, V.E. 1997: Graffiti Khazarii [Graffiti of Khazaria]. Moscow.
Gavritukhin, I.O. 2003: Drevnosti i pamyatniki VIII–IX vekov. Severo-Vostochnoe Prichernomor’e [Antiquities and monuments of the 8th–9th centuries. North-Eastern Black Sea Region]. In: T.I. Makarova, S.A. Pletneva (eds.), Krym, Severo-Vostochnoe Prichernomor’e i Zakavkaz’e v epokhu srednevekov’ya. IV–XIII veka [Crimea, the North- Eastern Black Sea Region and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages. The 4th–13th Centuries]. Moscow, 195–200.
Gey, A.N., Melnik, V.I., Orlovskaya, L.B., Sateev, O.I., Sorokina, I.A. 1988: O rabote Severo- Kavkazskoy ekspeditsii [On the work of the North Caucasus Expedition]. In: B.A. Rybakov (ed.), Arkheologicheskie otkrytiya 1986 goda [Archaeological Discoveries 1986]. Moscow, 119.
Golofast, L.A. 2019: Kompleks amfor prichernomorskogo tipa iz Fanagorii [A complex of amphorae of the Black Sea type from Phanagoria]. In: E.A. Khayredinova (ed.), Problemy istorii i arkheologii srednevekovogo Kryma: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 70-letiju A.I. Aybabina [Problems of History and Archaeology of the Medieval Crimea: Materials of the International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 70th Anniversary of A.I. Aybabin]. Simferopol, 39–43.
Golofast, L.A., Evdokimov, P.A. 2019: K voprosu o vremeni bytovaniya amfor s melkim zonal’nym rifl eniem (po materialam raskopok Fanagorii) [On the question of the time of existence of amphorae with shallow zonal corrugation (based on the materials of the excavations of Phanagoria)]. Materialy po akrheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials on Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria] XXIV, 186–216.
Golubev, L.Je., Popik, E.V. 2005: Goncharnye pechi VIII–IX vv. u khut. Krasnaya Zаrya (Novokubanskiy rayon Krasnodarskogo kraya) [Eighth and nineth centuries pottery kilns in the Krasnaya Zorya village (Novokubansk district of the Krasnodar Territory)]. Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii Severnogo Kavkaza [Materials and Research on the Archaeology of the North Caucasus] 5, 139–147.
Gorlov, Ju.V., Chkhaidze, V.N. 2008: Srednevekovoe poselenie Veselovka-2 na Tamanskom poluostrove [Medieval settlement Veselovka-2 on the Taman Peninsula]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 12, 187–195.
Kiyashko, A.V., Guguev, Ju.K., Ilyashenko, S.M., Petrov, P.A., Korobkov, P.A. 2016: Predvaritel’nye svedeniya o raskopkakh poseleniy balki Lisovitskogo na Tamani v 2015– 2016 gg. [Preliminary information about the 2015–2016 excavations at settlements of the Lisovitskiy ravine, the Taman peninsula]. In: E.V. Vdovchenkov (ed.), Problemy arkheologii Vostochnoy Evropy. Materialy XI Mezhdunarodnoy akrheologicheskoy konferentsii (Rostov-na-Donu, 7–9 noyabrya 2016 g.) [Problems of Archaeology of Eastern Europe. Materials of the XI International Archaeological Conference (Rostov-on-Don, November 7–9, 2016)]. Rostov-on-Don, 168–178.
Kononov, V.Ju., Ponomarev, L.Ju. 2024a: Goncharnye kompleksy rannesrednevekovogo poseleniya Varnavinskoe-3 na levoberezh’e Kubani (po itogam rabot na raskope I v 2010–2011 gg.) [Pottery complexes of the early medieval settlement of Varnavinskoye-3 on the left bank of the Kuban (based on the results of field works at the excavation trench I in 2010– 2011)]. (forthcoming).
Kononov, V.Ju., Ponomarev, L.Ju. 2024b: Goncharnyy kompleks VIII–IX vv. poseleniya Mar’yanskoe-1 v Nizhnem Prikuban’e (po rezul’tatam rabot 2013 g.) [Pottery complex of the 8th–9th centuries of the settlement of Maryanskoe-1, the Lower Prikubanye (according to the results of work in 2013)]. (forthcoming).
Krayneva, A.A. 2012: Otchet o provedenii okhranno-spasatel’nykh arkheologicheskih issledovaniy na ob’ekte akrheologicheskogo naslediya “Poselenie i gruntovyy mogil’nik “Usatova Balka-4”, raspolozhennogo v zone stroitel’stva «PS 220 kV «Buzhora» s zakhodami VL 220 kV” v g. Anapa Krasnodarskogo kraya v 2011 godu [Report on the Security and Rescue Archaeological Research at the Archaeological Heritage Site “Settlement and ground burial ground of “Usatova Balka-4” located in the construction zone of “220 kV substation “Buzhora” with 220 kV overhead line calls” in Anapa, the Krasnodar Territory in 2011]. Krasnodar. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. R–1. List 1. File 43.
Krasilnikov, K.I. 1976: Goncharnaya masterskaya saltovo-mayatskoy kul’tury [Pottery workshop of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture]. Sovetskaja arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 3, 267–278.
Krasilnikov, K.I. 2009: Loshchenaya keramika iz stepnogo massiva saltovo-mayatskoy kul’tury (tipologiya, tehnologiya, ornamentika, kleyma) [Polished ceramics from the steppe massif of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture (typology, technology, ornamentation, stamps)]. In: Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ya [Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages]. Vol. 7. Khazar Era. Donetsk, 99–152.
Kuznetsov, V.D., Golofast, L.A. 2010: Doma khazarskogo vremeni v Fanagorii [Houses of the Khazar time in Phanagoria]. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 1, 393–429.
Lovpache, N.G. 1995: Khudozhestvennaja keramika srednevekovoy Adygei [Artistic Ceramics of Medieval Adygea]. Maykop.
Mayko, V.V. 2000: Keramicheskiy kompleks VIII–X vv. prabolgarskogo gorodishcha Tepsen’ v Jugo-Vostochnom Krymu (predvaritel’naya tipologiya) [Ceramic complex of the 8th– 10th centuries of the Proto-Bulgarian settlement Tepsen in the South-Eastern Crimea (preliminary typology)]. B’lgarite v Severnoto Prichernomorie [Bulgarians in the Northern Black Sea Region] VII, 101–123.
Mayko, V.V. 2004: Srednevekovoe gorodishche na plato Tepsen’ v jugo-vostochnom Krymu [Medieval settlement on the Tepsen plateau in southeastern Crimea]. Kiev.
Makarevich, M.L. 1957: Pokhovannya sarmats’kogo ta saltіvs’kogo tipіv na Sіvers’komu Dіntsі [Burials of the Sarmatian and Saltovo types on the Severskiy Donets]. Arkheologіya [Archaeology] X, 146–150.
Melnik, V.I. 1986: Otchet o raskopkakh proizvodstvennogo kompleksa na kurgane № 12 mogil’nika Obshchestvennyy I, provedennykh Severo-Kavkazskoy ekspeditsiey IA AN SSSR v 1985 g. [Report on the 1985 Excavations of the production complex in the burial mound No. 12 of the Obshchestvennyy I burial ground, conducted by the North Caucasian Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. R-1. 11604.
Mikheev, V.K. 1985: Podon’e v sostave Khazarskogo kaganata [Podonye, a part of the Khazar Khaganate]. Kharkov.
Naumenko, V.E. 2009a: Vysokogorlye kuvshiny s shirokimi ploskimi ruchkami [High-necked jugs with wide fl at handles]. In: V.N. Zinko, L.Yu. Ponomarev, Tiritaka. Raskop XXVI. Vol. I. Arkheologicheskie kompleksy VIII–X vv. [Tyritace. Excavation Trench XXVI. Vol. I. Eighth–Tenth Century Archaeological complexes (Bosporskie issledovaniya. Suppl. 5) Bosporos Studies. Suppl. 5]. Simferopol–Kerch, 50–57.
Naumenko, V.E. 2009b: Amfory [Amphorae]. In: V.N. Zinko, L.Yu. Ponomarev, Tiritaka. Raskop XXVI. Vol. I. Arkheologicheskie kompleksy VIII–X vv. [Tyritace. Excavation Trench XXVI. Vol. I. The Eighth–Tenth Century Archaeological complexes (Bosporskie issledovaniya. Suppl. 5) Bosporos Studies. Suppl. 5]. Simferopol–Kerch, 35–50.
Naumenko, V.E. 2020: Amfory “prichernomorskogo” tipa na territorii srednevekovoy Tavriki i Kavkaza: problemy sovremennoy atributsii i khronologii [Amphorae of the “Black Sea” type on the territory of Medieval Taurica and the Caucasus: problems of modern attribution and chronology]. In: M.S. Gadzhiev (ed.), Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Kavkaza: aktual’nye problemy izucheniya i sokhraneniya. XXXI Krupnovskie chteniya. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii. Makhachkala, 20–25 aprelya 2020 g. [The Archaeological Heritage of the Caucasus: Actual Problems of Study and Preservation. XXXI Krupnov Readings. Makhachkala, April 20–25, 2020]. Makhachkala, 399–401.
Nechiporuk, A.A. 2015: Materialy khazarskogo vremeni kurgana 5 kurgannoy gruppy Kholmskiy 25 [Materials of the Khazar time of kurgan 5 of the kurgan group Kholmskiy 25]. In: V.V. Ulitin, R.B. Shatum (eds.), V «Anfimovskie chteniya» po akrheologii Zapadnogo Kavkaza. Kul’turnye vzaimodeystviya narodov Zapadnogo Kavkaza v drevnosti i srednevekov’e. Materialy mezhdunarodnoynauchnoy konferentsii (g. Kasnodar, 26–28 maya 2015 g.) [V “Anthimov readings” on the Archaeology of the Western Caucasus. Cultural Interactions of the Peoples of the Western Caucasus in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Materials of the International Scientific Conference (Krasnodar, May 26–28, 2015)]. Krasnodar, 187–202.
Nechiporuk, A.A. 2020: Rannesrednevekovyy keramicheskiy kompleks poseleniya Khabl’ 1 v Zakuban’e [Early Medieval ceramic complex of Khabl 1 settlement in Zakubanye]. In: M.S. Gadzhiev (ed.), Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Kavkaza: aktual’nye problemy izucheniya i sokhraneniya. XXXI Krupnovskie chteniya. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii. Makhachkala, 20–25 aprelya 2020 g. [The Archaeological Heritage of the Caucasus: Actual Problems of Study and Preservation. XXXI Krupnov Readings. Makhachkala, April 20–25, 2020]. Makhachkala, 402–404.
Novichihin, A.M. 1991: Srednevekovoe poselenie u kh. Utash Anapskogo rayona [Medieval settlement near the Utash farm in Anapa district]. In: Drevnosti Kubani (materialy nauchnoprakticheskoy konferentsii) [Antiquities of the Kuban (Materials of the Scientific and Practical Conference]. Krasnodar, 75–76.
Novichihin, A.M. 1993: Novye dannye o srednevekovykh arheologicheskikh pamyatnikakh v okrestnostyakh st. Gostagaevskoy [New data on medieval archaeological sites in the vicinity of the village of Gostagaevskaya]. In: B.A. Raev (ed.), Drevnosti Kubani i Chernomor’ya (Pontiysko-Kavkazskie issledovanija) [Antiquities of the Kuban and the Black Sea Region: Pontic-Caucasian Studies]. Vol. I. Krasnodar, 138–145, 225–229.
Novichihin, A.M. 2000: Anapskiy rayon v srednie veka [Anapa district in the Middle Ages]. In: T.V. Smagljuk, A.M. Novichihin (eds.), Ocherki po istorii Anapy [Essays on the History of Anapa]. Anapa, 87–100.
Novichihin, A.M. 2018: Rannesrednevekovoe poselenie na severnoy okraine sela Su- Psekh [Early medieval settlement on the northern outskirts of the village of Su-Psekh]. In: U.Ju. Kochkarov (ed.), Kavkaz v sisteme kul’turnykh svyazey Evrazii v drevnosti i srednevekov’e. XXX “Krupnovskie chteniya” po arkheologii Severnogo Kavkaza. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii. Karachaevsk, 22–29 aprelya 2018 g. [The Caucasus in the System of Cultural Links of Eurasia in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. XXX “Krupnov Readings” on the Archaeology of the North Caucasus. Materials of the International Scientific Conference. Karachayevsk, April 22–29, 2018]. Karachaevsk, 481–483.
Pletneva, S.A. 1959: Keramika Sarkela – Beloy Vezhi [Ceramics of Sarkel – Belaya Vezha]. In: Trudy Volgo-Donskoj jekspedicii [Proceedings of the Volga-Don Expedition] II (Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR [Materials and Research on the Archaeology of the USSR] 75). Moscow, 212–272.
Pletneva, S.A. 1963: Srednevekovaya keramika Tamanskogo gorodishcha [Medieval ceramics of the Taman settlement]. In: B.A. Rybakov (ed.), Keramika i steklo drevney Tmutarakani [Ceramics and Glass of Ancient Tmutarakan]. Moscow, 5–72.
Pletneva, S.A. 1989: Na slavyano-khazarskom pogranich’e (Dmitrievskiy arkheologicheskiy kompleks) [On the Slavic-Khazar Borderland (Dmitrievsky Archaeological Complex)]. Moscow.
Pletneva, S.A. 2003: Kochevniki yuzhnorusskikh stepey v epokhu srednevekov’ya (IV–XIII veka): Uchebnoe posobie [Nomads of the South Russian Steppes in the Middle Ages (the 4th–13th Centuries): Manual]. Voronezh.
Sazanov, A.V. 2016: Rannevizantiyskaya keramika Severnogo Prichernomor’ya: itogi i novye problem [Early Byzantine ceramics of the Northern Black Sea region: results and new problems]. In: M.V. Gratsianskiy, P.V. Kuzenkov (eds.), Imperiya romeev vo vremeni i prostranstve: tsentr i periferiya. Tezisy dokladov XXI Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy sessii vizantinistov. Belgorod, 20–23 aprelya 2016 g. [The Roman Empire in Time and Space: Center and Periphery. Abstracts of the XXI All-Russian Scientific Session of the Byzantinists, Belgorod, April 20–23, 2016]. Moscow–Belgorod, 176–179.
Sergeeva, M.S. 2008: Simvol “koleso so spitsami” (perekreshchennyy krug) v drevnem iskusstve [The symbol “wheel with spokes” (crossed circle) in ancient art]. In: Proikshozhdenie i rasprostranenie kolesnichestva [The origin and Spread of Charioteering]. Lugansk, 55–70.
Shchepinskiy, A.A. 1961: Solyarnye izobrazheniya epohi bronzy iz Kryma [Solar images of the Bronze Age from the Crimea]. Sovetskaya akrheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 2, 227–231.
Sviridov, A.N., Yazikov, S.A., Toporivskaya, M.A. 2017: Poselenie Gora Chirkova-1 (Krasnodarskiy kray, Tamanskiy poluostrov) [Settlement of Chirkova Mountain-1 (Krasnodar Territory, Taman Peninsula)]. In: A.V. Eengovatova (ed.), Goroda, poseleniya, nekropoli. Raskopki 2016 [Cities, Settlements, Necropolises. Excavations 2016 (Materialy spasatel’nykh arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy [Materials of Rescue Archaeological Research] 19). Moscow, 174–177.
Tarabanov, V.A. 1993: Poseleniya bolgar na pravoberezh’e Kubani [Settlements of Bulgarians on the right bank of the Kuban]. In: B.A. Raev (ed.), Drevnosti Kubani i Chernomor’ya: Pontiysko-Kavkazskie issledovanija I) [Antiquities of the Kuban and the Black Sea Region: Pontic-Caucasian Studies I)]. Krasnodar, 115–122, 206–213.
Vinnikov, A.Z., Pletneva, S.A. 1998: Na severnykh rubezhakh Khazarskogo kaganata. Mayatskoe poselenie [On the Northern Borders of the Khazar Khaganate. The Mayaki Settlement]. Voronezh.
Zinko, V.N., Ponomarev, L.Ju. 2009: Tiritaka. Raskop XXVI. Vol. I. Arkheologicheskie kompleksy VIII–X vv. [Tyritace. Excavation Trench XXVI. Vol. I. The Eighth–Tenth Century Archaeological complexes (Bosporskie issledovaniya. Suppl. 5) Bosporos Studies. Suppl. 5]. Simferopol–Kerch.