The article deals with the so called Ionian migration which took place at the end of the Greek Bronze age. Using information about Greek historical and legendary tradition, data of archaeology, the author proves that this movement was prolonged (extending during some generations of the 12th–11th cc. B.C.) and was organized from some centers of the Balkan and island Greece, one of which was Athens, the most powerful one. The author underlines the organization of the Ionian migration at the head of which were sons and grandsons of the Athenian basileus Kodros and which often was sanctioned from such famous religious centers as Delphi and Didima. The author also marked multinational composition of migrants who realized themselves às Ionians, continuity of the Greek settlements on the earthen shore of Anatolia at the end of the second millennium BC.

ANCIENT PYTHIAN AND MODERN DELPHIAN GAMES

L.L. Selivanova

Having studied narrative and epigraphic sources (victorious inscriptions), and also sculpture, cutterplasty and vase-painting 6th–4th cc. BC, the author comes to the following conclusions. In Delphi Apollo Pythian was the god of agonistics, youth and harmonies. Distinctive feature of the Pythian games was the humane character of competitions in comparison with others pan-Hellenistic competitions. This characteristic was in many respects determined by the fact that the Pythii passed under the patronage of the most light Hellenistic god. Essentially different approach of the Olympic and the Pythian games to educational system, opposite views at physical training, opposition of professionalism and amateurishness, sports and physical training provided more democratic composition of participants at competitions in Delphi. The most ancient and significant part of the Pythian games program was musical agon, that predetermined vitality for not only games during a common decline of antique athleticism, but also for the Pythian idea itself which has been revived in 20th c. In antiquity the Pythian games were occupying the second place after the Olympic as to the shine and value. Their place and role within the world culture and in a history of antique music have not been realized yet. Being the predecessor of musical competitions and festivals, Apollo's sacred games had in the past and have now as the renewed Delphian games great value, uniting countries and peoples in their peace, resourceful creativity.

ANCIENT GREEK LEGISLATION ON SICILY: CHARONDAS LAWS

M.F. Vysokij

The determining stage in the development of a legal system of the Greek society on Sicily is to be the legislation done by Charondas from Catana. Life time and activity of the legislator should be dated to the end of 7th–6th cc. B.C. The tradition of Charondas had been under Pythagorean influence, this fact was reflected in corresponding maxims within either works by representatives of Pythagorean school or general works by Hellenistic historians. The corner stone of the tradition had come to be the version about Charondas being a student of Pythagoras. It is possible to single out some sections of the code from the fragments by Charondas remained at present: the article proposes their reconstruction.

«BARLEY MONEY» FOR ROMAN ARMY

V.A. Kvashnin

Article is devoted to the fiscal policy carried out in the Roman republic within the Hannibal War. The events of 214 BC are at the center of attention and, in particular, the problem of aes hordearium application, and also those social groups which were subjected to «the barley tax». The analysis of the fiscal policy considered in a context of the Roman Law and its standards, allows to see a number of specific features of public and legal culture in Republican Rome.

STRUGGLE OF 184 BC. CENSORS AGAINST LUXURY

V.A.Kvashnin

The article is devoted to the problem of struggle against luxury in ancient Rome, censorship viewed in a context of 184 A.D. All actions of censors anyhow concerning the struggle against various displays of luxury have been systematized and analysed within the present entry. Censorial measures conducted by M. Porcius Cato and L.Valerius Flaccus allow to make a number of the important observations about social and economic development of the Roman civil community at the end of 3rd — the first quarter of 2nd cc. BC.

SPARTACUS: VERSIONS OF ORIGIN (SCIENTIFIC METHOD AGAINST LITERARY-LEGENDARY APPROACH)

C. Ì. Krykin

The set of articles and books, as a rule, is devoted to Spartacus, he is perceived not as a historical hero but as a literary and art image. There is the monument built in his honour as the national hero in small town Sandanski, in Bulgaria. Everything seems to be clear and there is nothing to add and the more so, to change without application of imagination. The profound scientific analysis allows to offer some new perusals and interpretations of the separate passages made by some antique authors and look at "gladiatorial" war events shameful for Rome and Spartacus from absolutely different point of view. The military leader — aristocrat used to be both the hired and the disgraced. In just few weeks he managed to create the efficient force from the people dissatisfied with the results of Allied war. That force numerically exceeded the mobilization of South-Thracian tribes as a whole. The commander of Thracian horsemen continued the line of the offended Italics. So, as a result of his defeat many of them got the status of Rome citizens. Whether he came from the royal Odris clan or from the breeding top of the glorified horseclast-geths — to prove it is next too impossible. However, in historical memory of the Romans the name of Spartacus and Thrace always stood side by side (in case with emperor Maxininus Thracius) as well as similar actions of the allied military leaders of auxiliary armies caused memories about Spartacus.

PERCUSSOR SERTORII: STUDIES ON POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF MARCUS PERPERNA VENTO

A.V.Korolenkov

The article submits Marcus Perperna's historiographic characteristic and a complete analysis of his activity. Marcus Perperna's moral estimation is beyond any doubts. Nevertheless, Perperna got the support from many communities on Sicily, he did not come to terms with Sulla, managed to bring the remains of the lepidan army to Spain and retain control over Sertorian army. These facts allow denying the idea of univocacy as to the estimation of Perperna's deeds, as a military leader and a politician.

PUBLIUS CLODIUS AND OPTIMATS

R.V. Lapyrenok

The article covers the most significant events from the history of a confrontation between Clodius and optimats who had direct influence on a political development of Rome before the Civil war of 49-44 BC. At the first stage of Clodius' career as a politician, his popularity among plebs environment allowed him to claim for some independence when carrying out his political actions. After his break with Pompejus and Caesar, Clodius started playing a role of an self-dependent leader; his political positions allowed him to be independent both from the senatorial oligarchy and triumvirs. Clodius' activity revived a coalition of optimats, so the confrontation arose and deferred the civil war.

THE CAESAR’S EXPEDITIONS IN BRITAIN

N.S. Shirokova

The article deals with Caesar's military expeditions in Britain of 55 and 54 B.C. Some classical authors (Strabo, Suetonius and others) thought Caesar's invasions of Britain to be unsuccessful because the island was not conquered by him. Many modern researchers have the same opinion. Meanwhile in the course of these expeditions Caesar accomplished a great spade-work for the conquest of Britain in the future. Caesar was the first Roman who stepped on the land of Britain, therefore he thoroughly studied nature and geography of the island, discovered convenient harbours for landing of the fleet, founded out peculiarities of Britons' military tactics, invented his own military methods in order to resist the enemy. Besides Caesar's acquaintance with Britain had a theoretical importance. Familiar with classical social Utopias, in particular with so-called island Utopias, Caesar viewed Britain as the biggest of sacred islands in «the North of the World» and as the initiation's centre of Druids whose secret knowledge was the highest one of the Celtic world.

ASPECTS OF ROMANIZATION OF SPAIN: DURING EARLY EMPIRE IN NEWEST NATIVE LITERATURE

I.G. Gurin

This is the review of a modern Russian historiography upon the problem — Romanization of Spain. The work marks, that recently the studying of the Spanish history of an early imperial period has mainly been done through a prism of the Roman law. The basic shortcoming of some researches is the use of only juridical literature, besides, problems are considered out of any historical context.

MARTYRDOM AND SUICIDE: PERCEPTION OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY BY PAGANS

A.D. Panteleev

The topics of the present article are the phenomenon of martyrdom, suicide in early Christianity and the specificity of its perception in antique society. The author notes, that the Christians aspiring to die could «be identified» by the educated pagans as people who deliberately long for death. At that time there was no unanimous opinion about the ratio of martyrdom and suicide among Christians. Inside Christianity various currents coexisted with their own dogmatic, also two traditions struggled inside the church, one of which was based on stoicism, and the second — on philosophy by Plato. It is also marked, that in 1st — 2nd cc. A.D. the great value was given to «practical virtue»: philosophers were often judged not from their doctrines, but from their deeds. So, Christians looked far from being the worse image against this background, their martyrdom was similar to the best pagan samples; there is always some charm in the death accepted voluntarily and pagans fell under this power.

HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMICAL SCHOOL IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY: ROMAN AGRARIAN HISTORY IN WORK BY I.M. GREWS

E.D. Frolov

The article deals with the theme of scientific legacy of the eminent Russian historian, professor of St.-Petersburg University I.M.Grews (1860–1941), and of its possible influence on the contemporary and posterior scientific thought. The problem is very intricate and disputable. The author argues, firstly, that the second volume of the Grews' work «Essays on the history of Roman landownership» has never been written, and secondly, that this work remained practically unknown to western scholars and therefore couldn't produce any influence on them. So, the notorious principle «Rossica non leguntur» remained valid in this case too.

THE POETIC INSCRIPTION IN HONOR OF THE THAUMATURGOS FROM TYANA

V. N. Ilyushechkin

The article examines the Greek poetic inscription in honor of the philosopher and haumaturgos of 1st c. A.D. Apollonius of Tyana and represents it through the prism of the historical and literary tradition.

STRUGGLE WITH PAGANISM IN ROMAN EMPIRE AFTER A.D. 395 (ACCORDING TO THE CODEX THEODOSIANUS)

N.V. Parfyonova

After Theodosius's victory in the fight at Phrigidus (A.D. 394) the policy of tolerance with the pro-pagan bias, carried by the emperor Eugenius, came to its end. Theodosius' sons continued the religious policy of their father. The legislation against pagans and heretics had been toughened, though these laws actually were not always executed. Despite this, the ancient religion which lost its former importance and ceased to play its leading part in the state, continued to exist, mainly amidst peasants and the old Roman aristocracy, in 5th and even in6th cc. A.D.

RECEPTION AS INTERPRETATION: ANTIQUE IMAGE IN DIFFERENT SOCIO-CULTURAL CONDITIONS

Å.À.Chiglintzev

The article investigates the transformation of the antique image in public consciousness and culture of new and the newest time (on the example of Cleopatra). The last Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII became a component of mass public consciousness since antiquity times. In Renaissance the image of Cleopatra was full of metamorphosises going from the boundless licentiousness up to the sample of fidelity in love. Mass culture on the boundary of the 19th–20th cc. generated the aspiration to squeeze the real historical character in some series, to build a sort of line. And then Cleopatra takes place among great courtesans of all times and peoples. In the 20th c. Cleopatra draws attention of socialists, and followers of psychoanalysis and feminism.

SEA TRANSPORTATIONS OF CARGOES DURING ANTIQUITY

A.B. Kiselnikov

Extremely important role in development of trade relations of the ancient world was played by the sea trade. In this connection, special interest causes a question connected with the reconstruction of a process on the organization of transportations for various kinds of cargoes. As the statistical data on sea transportations have not reached us, the finds from the sunken ships, to some extent, help to fill the blank place concerning the problem. It is known, that the majority of ancient trade ships carried the mixed general cargo, distinguished in forms, weights, volumes and sizes. During antiquity, the most mass cargos were amphora of various types and standards. Their correct arrangement and fixture in view of metric, weight and volumetric characteristics served as main conditions on safety of the cargo and navigation. In this work we have touched only the most general principles which should be obeyed on loading and transportation of the mixed cargo and we also have considered some potential ways of accommodation and fastening of a ceramic container on board a vessel.

ATHÈNES AND PERSIAN SATRAP ORONTES

E.V. Rung

The article is devoted to interpretation of IG. II2. 207 which reflects the Athenian relationswith the Persian satrap Orontes. Different scholarly approaches as to the dating of this decree are considered in this article. The author of the article came to conclusion that IG. II2. 207 may be dated to 341/0 BC and its formation is connected with the Athenian-Persian contacts against Philip II of Macedon.

SATRAPS OF EAST: FATES AND LOTS. ALEXANDER THE GREAT EPOCH

G.A.Koshelenko, V.A.Gaibov

The article represents an attempt to depict destiny of satraps who ruled over various areas of the Central Asian region during Alexander the Great gains and Diadochs' struggle. This problem is a part of a more general problem concerning mutual relations between Alexander, his direct successors and the population of the conquered country, first of all with the Iranians. Having done their analysis over the data on destinies of satraps, authors come to a conclusion, that Alexander kept the old control system and modified it according to concrete circumstances. Tendencies to updating were gradually amplifying. So, in the long run it all came to a new qualitative state of a management system in which the Macedonians and Greeks replaced satraps — Persians.

PUBLIC RELATIONS IN EASTERN IRAN DURING ALEXANDER THE GREAT EPOCH

G.A.Koshelenko, V.A.Gaibov

The present work studies the problem of public relations in Central Asia region during Alexander the Great gains, which has never been an object of a special research. The work and Curtius Rufus), and the comparison of this analysis to the data of archeology and then to the data of sources from subsequent periods. So, the assumption is made, that a social structure of a society was reflected in a system of settling. Rank-and-file members of tribes lived in ordinary villages. Villages with fortifications were residences that are principes. Cities were residences of gipparchs. The largest cities in which were «basileii» were the centers of satrapijs. Such a structure of a local society developed during Achemenid epoch and remained constant at Alexander's. The most essential innovation was the appearance of the Greek cities. presents the results of the analysis done over the data of some sources (first of all by Arrhian

ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND GREEK SETTLEMENTS OF MINOR ASIA: HISTORY OF QUESTION

M. M. Kholod

The author of the present entry gives a general review of studying in modern scientific literature the problem of relations between Alexander the Great and the Greek cities of Asia Minor coast and the adjoining islands. It is marked, that the given problem used to be rather adisputable issue among the researchers for a long time and in many historical works, since I.G.Drojzena's times. Thus it is underlined, that the first work specially devoted to this matter by E.Bikerman caused a special impulse of disputes around the problem Further the author shows the subsequent development of corresponding discussion, considering in detail the views of such historians, as V. Ehrenberg, Th. Lenschau, W. W. Tarn, E. Badian, A. J. Heisserer, A. B. Bosworth and K. Nawotka. Considerable attention is also given to studying of the present problem in Russian historiography, so in this connection A.B. Ranovich and L.P.Marinovich's works are singled out for analysis either.

ALEXANDER’S SUCCESSOR (SOME ASPECTS OF EUMENES OF CARDIA’S ART OF WAR)

D.V. Kolosov

Eumenes of Cardia is an outstanding figure of antiquity who had showed himself as a crafty politician, gifted commander and just a decent person. As a military leader Eumenes particularly distinguished himself in the battles of Cappadocia, Paretakene and Habiene. His maneuvers on the battlefield and on the march can be regarded as a model of strategic art. Not declining the phalanx, Eumenes was the first military commander of antiquity to propose a massive use of horse- and elephant-mounted troops: the former for a primary attack, the latter for deterrence. By contrast to Alexander, he combined left and right flanks for the attack brunt.

SELEUCOS NICATOR. CREATION OF THE DYNASTY

N.V. Zhuravleva

The article is devoted to creating of the Seleucid kingdom in the end of the 4th — the beginning of the 4th the century BC during the reign of Seleucos Nicator. This process was developing in various directions. On one hand, the first king of this state Seleucos Nicator created the dynasty. So, a new calendar starting from the first years of Seleucos' rule as well as a new Seleucid era was used first in Babylon and then throughout the kingdom. Seleucos Nicator introduced the original custom to have a regent while the previous king was still on the throne, which was followed later by other kings of the dynasty. His eldest son Antiochos became the first one who ruled over the eastern satrapies of the kingdom. On the other hand Seleucos Nicator had to prove his right and ability to be the king ofthese vast lands. Many legends and prophecies "working for" this idea were created during hisreign. There are ones testifying the right of Seleucos to rule as a successor of Alexander the Great. The other ones predicted the victory of Seleucos in his fight with Antigonos for Babylon and his right to be the king of Asia. As many Hellenistic ruling dynasties the Seleucid one was connected with one of Olympic gods. The ideas that Apollo was godfather of Seleucos Nicator appeared also in the end of his reign became very popular and were widely developed by later kings of the Seleucid kingdom.

TO THE QUESTION ON DYNAMIS' POLITICAL ORIENTATION

A.R. Panov

The image of Bosporan Queen Dynamis' draws great attention of researchers despite the limitation of sources on Bosporan history of the end 1st c. A.D. Since the publication of M.I. Rostovtsev's articles devoted to Bosporan Queen there appeared many works concerning thesame problem. Leaving apart a number of debatable questions connected with Dynamis' reign — first of all, the problem on chronology of her reign, — it is possible to make an attempt to depict Dynamis' foreign policy orientation, using the available data.

SCRIBONIUS’ MYSTERY

V.N.Parfyonov

Mysterious usurper Scribonius seized power in Bosporan Kingdom and married the king Asander's widow Dynamis, the Mithradates Eupator's granddaughter. The marriage should have caused a political crisis on Bosporus and arrange in a way the annexation of this state by Rome. Those events were closely connected with Augustan turn to «global» policy that has been aimed at gaining the world supremacy. During his short-term administration a new Bosporan king Scribonius, probably, simulated the anti-Roman policy to provoke the Roman military intervention. But when such a danger came to be real, Scribonius was killed, most likely, as a result of the plot amidst Bosporan aristocracy. His death did not affect the further succession of events; as a result the Bosporan Kingdom had been put under the rigid Roman control. Only the failure of Augustan aggressive plans prevented Bosporus from being transformed into the Roman province.

PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS IN TANAIS N.V.

N.V. Zavoykina

There are many private associations mentioning in Tanais’s inscriptions, dated 104–244 A.D. Tanais’s citizen took part mainly into them. In Russian scientific works the private associations of the Bosporan cities are regarded principally as some religious associations, but lists of their officials headed them have some differences make change the point of view. Two varieties of the private associations testify the inscriptions – religious associations and age clubs which of them, it seems, divided into their sorts. The citizen could crossed from the clubs to the associations and vice versa. At a time several varieties of the religious associations and the age clubs could existed in Tanais and they accordingly established not a very short term. The time of their actions depends on a series of causes as political reasons (thiasos celebrating of Tanais’s day) as some social and religions one. It pays attention all synodoses in Tanais worshiped only one deity who was the Supreme God. This monotheistic cult attests to a breach of nearly all citizen in Tanais with Greek religion.

PLACE AND ROLE OF CRISIS IN THE SECOND — THE THIRD QUARTER OF THE 3th C. A.D. IN SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF BOSPORUS KIMMERIAN

Yu. V. Milyaeva

The work identifies a place and a role of the crisis in the second — the third quarters of 3th c. A.D. in social, economic and political history of Bosporus Kimmerian. It is marked, that the processes happened during that period, have been interconnected, besides, they influenced spiritual culture of the Bosporus. The overcoming of the crisis was accompanied more or less with some essential changes in all spheres of life in Bosporus, and the direction of those changes was defined to a large extend by changes in the field of sociopolitical relations andexternal circumstances.

TO THE QUESTION OF SCYTHIAN ORIGIN OF SOME BOSPORAN NAMES (1st–3rd CC. A.D.)

E.V. Chetvertakov

The paper is devoted to studying the problem of Scythian origin of some Bosporan names of 1st–3rd cc. A.D. The author indicates the phonetic differences between Scythian and Sarmatian languages and proposes the criteria for etymology of hypothetically Scythian names basing on phonetic transformation Iranian *d into Scythian *l. The author comes to conclusion that Bosporan names Παιρισαλος, Σκιλονρος, Τανυσαλος, Ομψαλακος have a Scythian origin and explains the reasons of their wide spreading in the 1st–3rd cc. A.D.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE PRIAZOV GERMAN’S SETTLING IN CRIMEA

V.G. Zubarev, S.V. Yartsev

The article deals with the problems of the Crimea ethnical history in the late antique and early Byzantine periods. Using the analysis of the antique and Byzantine written sources and the archeological data the authors point out three areas of the isolated compact settling of the Priazov Germans. They are: the archeological group «Ozernoye–Inkerman»; Gothstetraxits- trapezits who lived in the northern part of the Uzunlar rampart and along the shore of the Kazantip Gulf; Dory country situated to the south of the Parpach mountain range, between Ac-Monay Isthmus and Usunlar Lake. Each of those local groups had its peculiarities. The common feature was the mixedculture: the combination of the German and Sarmato-Alanian traditions and customs. It iscaused by the fact that those groups came from the Priazov polyethnical sea barbarians and thepresence of the sarmato-alan women among them as well. The Goths settling in Crimea was perfomed on the federal principles, which provided the defence to the antique centres. A part of them (Goths-tetraxits) joint Huns and left the Peninsula in the second quarter of the 5th c. A.D. The rest of them settled in new places and set their power in, having begun the process of consolidation of the settled barbarians into the single Goth population of the Crimea.

SYRO-PALESTINIAN CLAY LAMPS AND THEIR IMITATIONS OF ROMAN AND BYZANTINE PERIODS FROM CHERSONESOS

D. Zhuravlev

Among the huge number of different types of lamps there were also found a few lamps of Syrian or Palestinian origin. An interesting group of round examples without handle could be named. Some of them stamped Θεοδωρ/ο/ν in 3 lines, and are very similar to ones from Antiochia. There more than 10 similar examples in the city, and they could be dated to 3rd —and 4th century. A few lamps of Waagé Group VI decorated by relief leaves and bunches of grapes were also found in Chersonesos. There is very interesting group of local lamps, so-called Rubèatye (or Sunburst) lamps. Some scholars proposed the Palestinian influence on it’s design. It is one of the most popular types of Pontic lamps in the 3rd — 4th centuries A.D. There is a small group of the same shapeamong them, having relief letters XPY on the discus, and COY on the bottom. These lampswere spread only in Chersonesos, where they probably were produced. V. Zalesskaja proposedthat lamps with this inscription are very closed to Palestinian one with the Greek inscription ight of Christ shines for all”. But the situation is more complicated and Palestinian lamps never were the prototype for Sunburst ones. First of all the parallels with the oriental lamps are not so closed, as Zalesskaja said. There is another very important moment, which links in the field of chronology. All the Palestinian lamps, which are similar to Chersonesos’ Rubèatye lamps, dated to the 5th and 6th century and not earlier. That is why a question about the stamp XPY COY is still open for discussion. Since the 4th century A.D. clay lamps with relief image of seven or nine branched menorah appeared in ancient cities. Primitive images of “palm branch” on some lamps from Chersonesos might have been reminiscence of this motif. A possible hypothesis would be tosee this lamp as a copy of some Palestinian lamps, which shape and decoration are very similar. Besides images of menorah there is another expressive motif on clay lamps of the 4th –5^th century AD that probably can be related with Jewish iconograph. Relief composition decorating the discus of these large enough lamps consists of two columns, standing on them semicircular arch and overturned triangle filled up with relief points. A group of lamps with similar decoration from Chersonesos was preliminary studied by D. Korobkov. According to his point of view we may see under the arch not an altar but a special niche in its wall where revered relics were traditionally situated. This supposition was affirmed by the image of the so-called “shell” (“acroterium” or “rosette”), which can be considered as a plane version of semi-cupola (conch) situated over the niche (aedicule). The whole construction may be interpreted as a symbolic image of a synagogue with its most holy place — the tabernacle of the Testament. There are many similar images in Jewish art. This is obviously just one of the possible interpretations of iconography of these lamps, but the fact that some of this lamps were found in the area of a synagogue testifies to Jewish symbolic. Among the lamps, which should be connected with Palestinian ones, I can present a group of oval-shape lamps with massive handle, ornamented with relief curved lines. Dozens of them are found in Chersonesos, they are made in several moulds and have some differences in details. These lamps have low quality of firing, are rough and massive. This workshop must have been working in Chersonesos in the late 3rd and 4th century AD. I have to note a similarity of decorations of all these lamps, which can probably prove the existence of one prototype. It seems to me, that this type being undoubtedly the local one was based on Syrian and Palestine lamps of Roman time. Probably this decoration imitated moulded inscriptions, known, for example, in Palmira. One lamp from Chersonesos, stored in the State Historical Museum is unique for the Northern Pontic area. It is original biconical lamp with lines in relief on the shoulder and ‘fish-tiled’ vertical handle. It has no real parallels, but there are some lamps among Jerash-type, which could be interpreted as a far parallel for our lamp. They are dated to 5th and 6th century. Lamps of Islamic period were not widespread in the Black Sea coast. Among the rare finds there is a nice slipper lamp with geometric relief ornaments and small raised cone-handle. It does not come from the regular excavations, but according to documentation it was exactly found in the Northern Pontic area, probably in Chersonesos. This type of lamps developed in

the Umayyad period in the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Going to conclusions it is possible to note the rarity of Syro- Palestinian lamps in the Black Sea region. It is not a total absence, but all the finds are very rare or even unique. Nevertheless we can speak about the existence of some derivates of Near Eastern lamps spread in the Northern Pontic area in the Roman and Late Roman period. Unfortunately for the moment we have no evidence about the finds of oriental lamps in the other Northern Pontic sites, like Pantikapaion and Olbia. In the future hopefully we will determine much more imports and similarities between Black Sea and Near Eastern lamps.

PALEOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN HISTORY OF THE BLACK SEA NORTH-EAST REGION DURING THE ANTIQUE EPOCH

Yu.V. Gorlov

The work is devoted to paleoecological aspects in the history of the Black Sea North-east region during the antique epoch. The question is the adaptation of the ancient Greek immigrants on Bosporus Kimmerian and the influence of some basic natural-climatic factors on this process. These factors are ecstatic vibrations relatively to the sea level, tectonic processes, mud vulcanizing, landscape-climatic changes.

MONUMENTS OF MATERIAL CULTURE IN SOUTHEAST (ABZHUJSKAYA) ABKHAZIA

O.V.Maan

The article deal with basic monuments of material culture in Southeast, i.e. Abzhuiskaya Abkhazia from the Paleolithic epoch to the beginning of the Early Iron Age period. The article presents historical and cultural characteristics of the brightest monuments of the Stone Age, settlements, burial grounds, treasures of Colchis bronze culture, features of colonies with the textile ceramics". The author examines Greek city Gjuenos, its role in social, economic and cultural development of the local population. Materials about cultural layers of the late bronze epoch - the early Iron Age found in the aria of Kodor-Mokva are also submitted.

PALEOLITHIC SITES OF MANGYSHLAK PENINSULA (THE WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN

À.Ê. Abdykanova

This is a sequel of works devoted to studying of the Stone Age in Kazakhstan, based on results of the joint Russian-Kazakhstan archeological expedition. The work presents new materials of archeological researches about some unique Paleolithic sites of Mangyshlak peninsula (the Western Kazakhstan) in conditions of the arid zone. Results of investigation for the given territory are examined on a basis of the original research technique for archeological objects with the superficial bedding of artifacts. Then, the author singles out chronologically non-uniform complexes gives the technicho-typological analysis of the industry, its basis and traces the line of its development. A scheme of the periodization for Paleolithic sites of Mangyshlak is offered either.

NATURE AND MAN IN ANCIENT ART OF FAR EAST

D.P. Brodyansky

More than 500 ancient artifacts from sites of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Paleometal periods at the Pre-sea area were under analysis. The comparison done between these artifacts and the ancient art of Pre-amur area, Japan, Korea showed that the man and the environment occupy the central place in the system of images. Among the images of anthropomorphic picture there is women-Sun and her Wind-husband. Among wild animals there is a picture of Raven the main hero of Bering-fairy-tale and a picture of Sea-Owner. There are lots of pictures with fish, whales, dolphins, bears, tigers and other. Drawings of foliage and pine branch on ceramic vessels are connected with the agricultural cult of fertility.

RESOURCES OF THE SEA IN CULTURES OF PEOPLE OF THE STONE AGE

D.L. Brodyansky, V.A. Rakov

The authors are the archeologist and the hydrobiologist have collected the information on the wide use of the sea resources by people of the Stone Age and opened the ancient cultivation of oysters. The World Ocean is a huge tank of food and technical raw material, so, people were able to use its resources in the course of the history.

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY OF SINTASHTA SITES IN THE LIGHT OF RADIOCARBON DATES

A.V. Epimakhov

The Sintashta sites are one of the major keys in the chronological system of the Bronze Age of a steppe and forest-steppe zone of Northern Eurasia. Accumulation of radiocarbon dates allows to define the chronological frameworks of this phenomenon - the 1st quarter of II millennium BC. Synchronous and diachronic analyses confirm this conclusion and let to distinguish stages of the Bronze age of the Urals. Aeneolithic sites and the Yamnaya (Pit-grave) culture must be excluded from among direct predecessors of Sintashta. The otapovo type-sites (Volga region) and, probably, Abashevo cultures (Pre-Urals) are close cronologically and culturally for the Sintashta. Petrovka, early Srubnaya (Timber-grave) cultures are dated a little later time though there is a big site of imposing of intervals. The following stage is submitted by sites of Srubnaya, Alakul’, Fyodorovka cultures. Similarstages are marked out for Siberian region – the Minusinsk depression, where the program of creation of a scale for all Bronze and the beginnings Early Iron Ages is realized.

HEADBAND OF CHARIOT HORSE HARNESS IN BRONZE EPOCH: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

I.V. Chechushkov

Results of the experimental research for the cheek-pieces of the Eurasian steppe Bronze Age are published in the article. The purpose of this work is to check the functionality of the harness model, establishment of basic elements within these functions and reveal their functional features. It has been established, that cheek-pieces are the effective control facility for the cart-horse and the reconstructed model of harness is close to the ancient one.

PROCESS OF CULTURE GENESIS AT WESTERN PERIPHERY OF ALACUL AREA

V. V. Tkachev

The work considers some theoretical aspects of reconstruction within mechanisms of culture genesis in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age. The analysis among the systems of funeral ceremonialism and material complex of cultural formations at the beginning of the late Bronze Age in Southern Ural area proves that the formation of Alacul culture in the region was the result of transformation previous to sinashtinsk culture. Cultural transformation had stimulating character and had been caused by the impulse from the environment of Sejmino-Turbinski metallurgical traditions. The process was both accompanied by expansion of the area and complicated by cultural diffusion in the contact zone with building, timber culture that in its turn defined the specificity of monuments at the beginning of the late Bronze Epoch in Ural area.

BEADS OF HILLFORT OF TOYGUZINSKOYE-II

D.G. Bugrov

The article is devoted to the publication of the beads' complex found during the excavation in 1995–2000 at Hillfort of Toyguzinskoye-II in Tatarstan. The monument has a certain attitude to Piany Bor culture, in fact it used to be the Hillfort-refuge lost as a result of the storm. Results of the research done with the glass beads allow to date the Hillfort destruction to 1st c. A.D.

ULUS DZHUCHI AND SYNDROME OF FEDERALISM

V.P.Kostjukov

The article studies reasons and political consequences of a confederative regime at Ulus Dzhuchi. The author did not estimate the division of Dzuchi's domains between his sons Orda and Batu as a concept of co-administration but as a mechanism preventing new attempts of «mutiny». In 13th — the beginning of 14th cc. leaders of Mongolian empire contributed to declining of Ulus Dzhuchi. So, as a result of centralization policy of the government and ousting of Dzhuchi's clans from a political scene ulus of Ordaids lost its special status.

THE BYZANTINE TRANSLATORS AND TEACHERS OF THE GREEK LITERATURE IN RENAISSANCE ITALY IN THE END OF 14th – 15th cc.

P.A. Ryazanov

The article is devoted to the role of Greek language and literature in development of the humanistic culture of Renaissance Italy. Revival of the Greek literature in the West had been directly connected with emigration of the Byzantine scholars in Italy, the first of which was the Byzantine diplomat and teacher Manuel Chrysoloras arrived in Florence in 1397.

ANCIENT SILVER COINS FROM KRASNOYARSK MUSEUM

D.V. Grigorjev, F.G. Davljatshina

There is a collection of silver coins in Krasnoyarsk museum. These coins came into museum from private persons in the end of 19th — the beginning of 20th cc. Altogether there are 16 coins: 1 Greek coin («Colchis one»), 11 Roman denarii (4 dated to the period of Republic, 7 dated to the period of Early Empire) and 4 antoniniani. Most of these coins correspond to parameters of the concrete types and the historical periods of their existence, but the authenticity of some coins casts doubt.

Details: Published: 08 April 2015; Last Updated: 11 December 2015; Hits: 3959

Archive

Contents of №17, 2007

HISTORY

GREECE AND ROME

ANCIENT EAST

NORTH BLACK SEA AND BOSPORUS

CAUCASUS

PREHISTORY

MIDDLE AGES

IN MUSEUM

MIGRATIONS OF IONIANS IN 12th–11th CC. B.C. IN LIGHT OF TRADITIONS AND ARCHEOLOGY