download PDF

Abstract

In 2021, a third limestone tombstone with an epitaph in the foundation of Tower 2 of the Late Citadel was discovered during excavation at the Trench III of Artesian settlement. It was found northeast of the second epitaph and is close to it in chronology and origin. They were moved from the necropolis immediately after the death of the Early Citadel during the Roman- Bosporan War of AD 44/45-49. The slab was broken off from the ends, was face down, strictly horizontally on another well-treated slab, but without an inscription and relief. In addition to the inscription, a relief with a scene of an armed horseman standing in front of a woman sitting in an armchair has also been preserved. Four lines of the epitaph text have been preserved on the front side. The epitaph adds new Greek and barbaric names to the list of military settlers of the early citadel.

Keywords

Bosporan kingdom, Artezian settlement, epitaph, relief showing rider and woman, first half of the 1st century AD.

Nikolay I. Vinokurov, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Valeriy P. Yaylenko, Independent researcher, Moscow, Russia, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abramzon, M.G., Vinokurov, N.I., Treister, M.Yu. 2012: Dva klada monet i yuvelirnykh izdeliy vremeni rimsko-bosporskoy voiny 45–49 godov s gorodishcha Artezian [Two hoards of coins and jewelry from the Roman-Bosporan War of 45–49. from the settlement of Artezian]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 93–146.

Abramzon, M.G., Vinokurov, N.I., Treister, M.Y. 2014: Khronologicheskie indikatory i problemy interpretatsii sloya bosporo-rimskoy voiny gorodishcha Artezian [Chronological indicators and interpretation of the layer of the Roman-Bosporan war of the Artezian settlement]. In Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekovya. Aktualnye problemy khronologii [Bosporus Cimmerian and the barbarian world in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Relevant problems of chronology] (XV Bosporskie chteniya [Bosporan Readings]). Kerch, 5–16.

Alekseeva, E.M. 2018: Antropomorfnye “nadgrobiya” nekropolya Gorgippii [Anthropomorphic “funeral stones” from necropolis of Gorgippia]. Drevnosti Bospora [The Bosporan antiquities] 22, 9–23.

Koshelenko, G.A. et al. (eds.) 1984: Antichnye gosudarstva Severnogo Prichernomor’ya [Ancient states of the North Pontic Region]. Moscow.

Artamonov, M.I. 1961: Antropomorfnye bozhestva v religii skifov [Anthropomorphic deities of Scythian religion]. Arkheologicheskiy sbornik gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Archaeological collection of the papers of the State Hermitage] 2, 57–87.

Bartholomae, Chr. 1904: Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg.

Belousov, A.V., Saprykin, S.Yu. 2018: Eshche raz o publikatsii nadpisey s gorodishcha Artezian na Bospore [Once again on publication of the inscriptions from the Bosporan settlement Artezian]. Aristey 18, 246–269.

Bessonova, S.S., Kirilin, D.S. 1977: Nadgrobnyy rel’ef iz Trekhbratnego kurgana [The funeral relief from the Trekhbratniy borrow]. In B.N. Mozolevskiy et al. (eds.), Skify i sarmaty [The Scythians and Sarmatians]. Kiev, 128–139.

Boltunova, A.I., Knipovich, T.N. 1962. Ocherk istorii grecheskogo lapidarnogo pisma na Bospore [A sketch of the Greek lapidary writing on Bosporus]. Numizmatika i epigrafi ka [Numizmatics and Epigraphy] 3, 3–31.

Gafurov, A. 1987: Imya i istoriya [Name and history]. Moscow.

Gardthausen, V. 1913: Griechische Palaeographie. Bd. 2. Leipzig.

Dovatur, A.I. 1965: Kratkiy ocherk grammatiki bosporskikh nadpisey [A brief essay of a grammar of the Bosporan inscriptions]. In V.V. Struve (ed.), Korpus bosporskikh nadpisey [Corpus of the Bosporan inscriptions]. Moscow–Leningrad, 797–831.

Hansen, B. 1958: Rückläufi ges Wörterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen. Berlin.

Ivanova, A.P. 1951: Kerchenskaya stela s izobrazheniem vsadnika i sidyachshey zhenshchiny [The Kertch stele with representation of a horseman and a seating woman]. Kratkie soobschenia Instituta istorii material’noy kul’tury [Brief Communications of the Institute of Material Culture] 39, 27–35.

Justi, F. 1895. Iranisches Namenbuch. Marburg.

Kaltsas, N. 2002: Sculpture in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Catalogue. Athens.

Kokov, D.N. 2001: Izbrannye trudy [The selected works]. Vol. 2. Nalchik.

Korol, D.A. 2005: Motiv “vsadnika” i “vstrechayushchey bogini” na pogrebal’nykh kamnyakh Skandinavii i Severnogo Prichernomorya [A motif of “a horseman” and of “a meeting deity” on the funeral stones of Scandinavia and North Pontic area]. In A.V. Evglevskiy (ed.), Strukturno-semioticheskie issledovania v arkheologii [The structure-semiotic investigations in archaeology]. Donetsk. 2, 331–344.

Korolkova, E.F. 2009: Velikaya boginya, bozhestvennyi vsadnik i zagadochnye enarey: popytka interpretatsii [A grate deity, divine horseman and enigmatic enareeis: an attempt of interpretation]. In A.G. Furasyev (ed.), Gunny, goty i sarmaty mezhdu Volgoy i Dunaem [The Huns, Goths and Sarmatians between the rivers Volga and Danube]. Saint Petersburg, 11–27.

Kryukov, M.V. 1980: Lichnoe imya i terminy rodstva [A private name and the terms of kinship]. In E.M. Murzaev (ed.), Toponimika Vostoka [A toponymics of the East]. Moscow, 27–31.

Kumakhov, M.A. 1981: Sravnitel’no-istoricheskaya fonetika adygskikh (cherkesskikh) yazykov [A comparative-historical phonetics of the Adigei (Cherkessian) languiges]. Moscow.

Pape, W., Benseler, G.E. 1884: Wörterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen. Braunschweig.

Podmaskin, V.V., Startsev, A.F. 1988: Udegeyskie imena [The Udegean names]. In A.V. Superanskaya (ed.), Onomastika. Tipologiya. Stratigrafi ya [Onomastics. Tipology. Stratigrafy]. Moscow, 209–221.

Popova, E.A. 1974: Rel’ef s gorodishcha Chaika [The relief from the settlement Chaika]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [The Soviet archaeology] 4, 222–230.

Raevskiy, D.S. 1977: Ocherki ideologii skifo-sakskikh plemen [The sketches on ideology of the Scythian-Saka tribes]. Moscow.

Rastorgueva, V.S., Molchanova, E.K. 1981: Srednepersidskiy yazyk [The middle Persian language]. In V.S. Rastorgueva (ed.), Osnovy iranskogo yazykoznaniya. Sredneiranskie yazyki [The patterns of Iranian linguistics. The middle Iranian languages]. Moscow, 6–146.

Rostovtsev, M.I. 1913–1914: Antichnaya dekorativnaya zhivopis’ na yuge Rossii [An ancient decorative painting in the Southern Russia]. Saint Petersburg.

Rostovtsev, M.I. 1990: Iranskiy konnyi bog na yuge Rossii [An Iranian horsed god in the Southern Russia]. Vestnil drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 192–200.

Rostovtzeff, M. 1919: Le culte de la Grande Déesse dans la Russie Méridionale. Revue des études grecques 32, 462–481.

Rudenko, S.I. 1952: Gornoaltayskie nakhodki i skify [The Mountain Altai fi nds and the Scythians]. Leningrad.

Savostina, E.A. 1995: Tema nadgrobnoy stely iz Trekhbratnego kurgana v kontekste antichnogo mifa [A motif of the funeral stele from Trekhbratnyi borrow in a context of ancient myth]. Istoriko-arkheologicheskiy al”manakh [A historic-archaeological anthology] 1, 110–119.

Saprykin, S.Yu., Vinokurov, N.I., Belousov, A.V. 2014: Gorodische Artezian v Vostochnom Krymu [The settlement Artezian in East Crimea]. Vestnil drevney istorii [Journal of ancient history] 3, 134–162.

Melyukova A.I. et al. (eds.) 1989: Stepi Evropeyskoy chaste SSSR v skifo-sarmatskoe vremya [The steppes of the European part of the USSR in a Scythian–Sarmatian time]. Moscow. (Arkheologiya SSSR [Archaeology of USSSR]).

Tokhtasiev S.R. 2013: Iranskie imena v nadpisyakh Ol’vii I–III vekov nashey ery [Iranian names in the inscriptions from Ol’bia in the 1st–3rd centuries AD]. In P.B. Lurie et al. (eds.), Commentationes Iranicae. Saint Petersburg, 565–607.

Shaikhulov, A.G. 1991: Tematicheskie gruppy tatarskikh i bashkirskikh lichnykh imen doislamskogo perioda [Thematic groups of the Tatar and Bashkir personal names of preislamic time]. In M.E. Rut (ed.), Nominatsia v onomastike [Nomination in onomastics]. Sverdlovsk, 137–142.

Vinokurov, N.I. 2002: Novye izobrazheniya vsadnikov na Bospore [New representations of horseman on Bosporus]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 5, 70–85.

Vinokurov, N.I. 2003: Graffi ti iz raskopok antichnyh pamyatnikov urochishcha Artezian v krymskom Priazov’e [Graffi ti from the excavations of ancient sites of the Artesian tract in the Crimean Azov region]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kul’tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 13, 151–192.

Vinokurov, N.I. 2004: Plita s monogrammami i tamgoobraznymi znakami, naidennaya pri raskopkakh “Tsitadeli” gorodishcha Artezian [A slab with monograms and tamga-like signs found during the excavations of the “Citadel” of the Artezian settlement]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 7, 79–88.

Vinokurov, N.I. 2013: Gorodishche Artezian vo vtoroy polovine I v. do n. e. – pervoy polovine I v. n. e. [Artesian settlement in the second half of the 1st century BC – the fi rst half of the 1st century AD]. Rossiyskiy nauchnyy zhurnal [Russian Scientifi c Journal] 1 (32), 30–40.

Vinokurov, N.I. 2019: Issledovanie stroitel’nykh ostatkov pozdney tsitadeli na gorodishe Artezian v 2015–2017 gg. [Investigation of the construction remains of the late citadel at the Artesian settlement in 2015–2017]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 24, 92–113.

Vinokurov, N.I., Choref, M.M. 2021: K atributsii simvolov na plite, naydennoy pri raskopkakh tsitadeli gorodishcha Artezian v 2000 g. [Attribution of symbols on a slab found during the excavation of the Citadel of the Artesian settlement in 2000]. Stratum plus 6, 207–218.

Yailenko, V.P. 2010: Tysiacheletniy Bosporskiy reikh. Istoriia i epigrafi ka Bospora VI v. do nashey ery – V veka nashey ery [A thousandyear Bosporan reich. A history and epigraphy of the Bosporus from 6th century BC to 5th century AD]. Moscow.

Yailenko, V.P. 2015: Toponimika i etnonimiya antichnogo Bospora [A toponymy and ethnonymy of the Ancient Bosporus]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 19, 386–458.

Yailenko, V.P. 2017: O publikatsii nadpisey s gorodishcha Artezian v Vostochnom Krymu [On publication of inscriptions from the settlement Artezian in the East Crimea]. Materialy po arkheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Kryma [Materials on Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Crimea] 9, 471–483.

Yailenko, V.P. 2017: Istoriya i epigrafi ka Ol’vii, Khersonesa i Bospora VII veka do nashey ery – VII veka nashey ery [A history and epigraphy of the Olbia, Chersonese and the Bosporus from 7th century BC to 7th century AD]. Saint Petersburg.

Yailenko, V.P. 2017b: Toponimika antichnogo Kryma [A toponymy of the ancient Crimea]. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporos Studies] 35, 3–88.

Yailenko, V.P. 2019: Epigrafi cheskie zametki [Epigraphical notes]. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporos Studies] 39, 117–209.

Yailenko, V.P. 2020: Zhenshchina v kresle i vsadnik: interpretatsii ot M.I. Rostovtseva donyne [A sitting woman in the chair and horseman: interpretations from M.I. Rostovtsev up to the present days]. Bosporskiy fenomen [Bosporan Phenomenon] 1, 158–168.

Yatsenko, S.A. 1992: Antropomorfnye izobrazheniya Sarmatii [The anthropomorphic representations from Sarmatia]. In V.Kh. Tmenov (ed.), Alany i Kavkaz [The Alanians and the Caucasus]. Vladivostok–Tskhinval, 189–214.

Yatsenko, S.A. 1995: O sarmato-alanskom syuzhete rospisi na pantikapeyskom “sklepe Anfesteriya”. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 188–194.

Zgusta, L. 1955: Die Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste. Praha.