download PDF

Abstract

The article is devoted to the classifi cation and chronology of the C Snp I amphorae by D. Kassab Tezgör’s typology, corresponding to the Type Zeest-100. There is no doubt that Sinope produced C Snp I amphorae during the fi rst half of the 4th century, and they circulate in the mid-second half of the 4th/early 5th century. Their presence in later contexts is due to mixed ones (residual fragments). C Snp I class amphorae are divided into two types: C Snp I-1 and C Snp I-2, produced in the same workshops. C Snp I-1, which is not “impurity from below”, is found in contexts dating to the fi rst half of the 4th century, the second half of the 4th century and the fi rst third of the 5th century. It is clear that the amphorae in question derive from the Late Sinope B Snp I and B Snp II. Within each of the types a detailed typology has been developed, including both the typology of the whole forms and the profi le fragments. The analysis of the contexts shows that type C Snp I-1 can be dated from the beginning to the third quarter of the 4th century (time of production) with the end of the cycle in the fi rst third of the 5th century (time of withdrawal from circulation). Amphorae of C Snp I-2 type date from the fi rst quarter of the 4th century (after the beginning of C Snp I-1 production) to the end of the third quarter of the 4th century with the end of the cycle in the fi rst half of the 5th century (time of withdrawal from circulation). For some time in the second half of the 4th century, type C Snp I-1 continues to be produced, being replaced by the characteristic type C Snp II with an elongated neck and type C Snp III, as recorded also by pottery excavations in Demirci.

Keywords

Early Byzantine amphorae, Sinope, typology, chronology, C Snp I amphorae, Demirci, Northern Black Sea.

Andrey V. Sazanov

Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Alekseeva, E.M. 1997: Antichnyy gorod Gorgippiya [Gorgippia, the ancient city]. Moscow.

Annis, M.B. 1975: Amphora sixti “Festoen” opgedragen von A.N. Zadoks-Josephus Jitta bij haar zeventiyste verjaardag. Scripta archeological Groningiana 6, 29–40.

Arsen’eva, T.M., Böttger, B. 1996: Griechen am Don. Die Grabungen in Tanais 1993–1995. Eurasia Antiqua 2, 428–469.

Arseneva, T.M., Naumenko, S.A. 1995: Tanais IV–V vv. (po materialam raskopok 1989–1992 gg.) [Tanais in 4th–5th centuries AD (based on materials from excavations in 1989–1992]. Bosporskiy sbornik 6 [Bosporus Collection] V, 45–58.

Arseneva, T.M., Naumenko, S.A. 2001: Raskopki Tanaisa v centre vostochnoj chasti gorodishha [Excavations at Tanais, in the central eastern part of the settlement]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 4, 56–124.

Borisov, B. 1985: Rannovizantijske amfori (IV–VI v.) ot Slivenski okrug [Early Byzantine amphorae (4th–6th century) from Slivenski district]. Arckheologiya [Archaeology] 1, 38–45.

Böttger, B. 1982: Die Gefasskeramik aus dem Kastell Iatrus, In Iatrus-Krivina. Spatantike Befestigung und fruhmittelalterliche Siedlung and der unteren Donau. Bd. II. Berlin, 33– 148.

Böttger, B. 1991: Die gefasskeramischen Funde (1975–1981), In Iatrus-Krivina. Spatantike Befestigung und fruhmittelalterliche Siedlung and der unteren Donau. Bd. IV. Berlin, 33–94.

Byottger, B., Ulrix, M. 2000: Pozdneantichnoe poselenie v Tanaise (rezul`taty` rabot na raskope XIX) [Late Antique settlement in Tanais (results of work at the excavation site XIX)]. Sarmaty i ix sosedi na Donu: Materialy` i issledovaniya po arkheologii Dona [Sarmatians and Their Neighbors on the Don: Materials and Studies on the Archaeology of the Don] 1, 282–307.

Conrad, S. 2007: Die Gefäßkeramik, In Iatrus-Krivina. Spatantike Befestigung und fruhmittelalterliche Siedlung and der unteren Donau. Bd. VI. Ergebnisse der ausgrabungen 1992– 2000. Berlin, 210–264. (Limesforschungen 28).

Costello, B. 2011: An Analysis of the Architecture and Material Culture from the Earthquake House at Kourion, Cyprus. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University at Buffalo, State University of New York in partial fulfi llment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Classics. New York.

Demyanchuk, S. G. 2003. Monety iz raskopok mogilnika v Kilen-balke [Coins from the excavations of the burial ground in Kilen-balka]. Odinnadtsataya vserossiyskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya. Saint Peterburg, 14–18 aprelya 2003 g. Tezisy dokladov i soobshheniy [Eleventh All-Russian Numismatic Conference. Saint Petersburg, April 14– 18, 2003 Abstracts and papers]. Saint Petersburg, 19–20.

Dzhanov, A. V. 2012: Poselenie na yugo-zapadnom sklone g. Sokol [Settlement on the southwestern slope of Sokol]. Arkheologicheskiy al’manakh. Drevnyaya i srednevekovaya Tavrika. Sbornik statey, posvyashhennyy 1800-letiyu goroda Sudaka [Archaeological Almanac. Ancient and medieval Tavrika. Collection of Articles Dedicated to the 1800th Anniversary of Sudak] 28,71–80.

Dіdenko, S.V. 2018: Antichniy keramіchniy іmport u chernyakhіvskіy kul`turі na teritorіi Ukrainy. Disertatsіya na zdobuttya naukovogo stupenya kandidata іstorichnix nauk [Antique ceramic import from Chernyakhov culture on the territory of Ukraine. PhD Dissertation]. Kiev.

Golofast, L.A. 2001: Steklo rannevizantiyskogo Khersonesa [Glass of Early Byzantine Chersonesos]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografi i Tavrii. [Materials on Archeology, Hstory and Ethnography of Tavrii] VIII, 87–187.

Golofast, L.A., Olkhovskiy, S.V. 2013: Amfornaya tara iz podvodnykh raskopok v akvatorii Fanagoriyskoy gavani [Amphorae from underwater excavations in the water area of Phanagoria harbor]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kul`tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 2, 55–78.

Johnson, B.L. 1988: The Pottery, In Excavations at Jalame: site of a glass factory in late Roman Palestine: excavations conducted by a joint expedition of the University of Missouri and the Corning Museum of Glass. Columbia, 137–226.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2009: Le réseau commercial des amphores sinopéennes entre les IIe-IIIe s. etle VIe s. de notre ère. In Varia Anatolica XXI, 167–173.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2010a: Étude du matériel amphorique de la zone A et de la zone B. In Varia Anatolica XXII, 141–186.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2010b: Les fouilles de la zone A et de la zone B. In Varia Anatolica XXII, 43–94.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2010c: Typologie des amphores sinopéennes entre les IIe-IIIe s. et le VIe s. ap. J.-C. In Varia Anatolica XXII, 121–140.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2010d: Tableaux récapulatifs des contextes étudiés dans les zones A et B. In Varia Anatolica XXII, 197.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2010e: Organisation interne de l’atelier et histoire du site de Demirci. In Varia Anatolica XXII, 95–104.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2011: Types amphoriques romains tardifs produits simultanément à Demirci près de Sinope et dans d’autres centres. In PATABS II. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea. Acts of the International Round Table held in Kiten, Nessebar and Sredetz, September 26–30, 2007. Sofia, 197–202.

Kassab Tezgör, D. 2021.Corpus des amphores romaines produites dans les centres de mer Noire (Collections des musées de la côte turque de la mer Noire (Ereğli, Amasra, Sinop, Samsun, Giresun, Ordu, Trabzon et Amasya). Oxford.

Kassab Tezgör, D., Lemaître, S., Pieri, D. 2003: La Collection d’amphores d’İsmail Karakan à Sinop. Anatolia Antiqua 11, 169–200.

Klenina, E.Yu. 2004: Keramicheskie sosudy` II–III vv. n.e`. iz usadby “Bliznecy” [Ceramic vessels of the 2nd–3rd centuries AD from the estate “Bliznecy”]. Poznan.

Kouveli, A., Manoli E. 2021: The Amphorae from the Wells of an Athenian House, 2nd–6th Centuries AD. Exploring Trends, Trading Routes, and Contacts. In Proceedings of a Conference. Byzantine Athens. October 21–23, 2016. Athens, 104–127.

Krapivina, V.V. 2010a: Transport Amphoras, Roman Period. In N.A. Lejpunskaja, P. Guldager Bilde, J.M. Højte, V.V. Krapivina, S.D. Kryžickij (eds.), The Lower City of Olbia (Sector NGS) in the 6th Century BC to the 4th Century AD. Aarhus, 407–409. (Black Sea Studies 13)

Krapivina, V.V. 2010b: Amphorae of the 3rd–4th centuries A.D. in Olbia Pontica. In Varia Anatolica XXI, 69–73.

Kravchenko, N.M., Korpusova, V.N. 1975: Deyaki risi material`noy kul`tury pizdnerimskoy Tiri [Some features of the material culture of the Late Roman Tyra]. Arkheologiya [Archaeology] 18, 20–42.

Magomedov, B. V. 2006: Rimskie amfory v chernyakhovskoy kul`ture [Roman amphorae in the Chernyakhov culture]. In Goty i Rim [The Goths and Rome]. Kiev, 52–59.

Magomedov, B.V. 1987: Chernyakhovskoe gorodishhe u s. Aleksandrovka [Chernyakhovs’ settlement near the village. Aleksandrovka]. In Dnestro-Dunayskoe mezhdurech`e v I – nachale II tys. n.e. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Dniester-Danube interfl uve in the 1st– early 2nd millennium AD]. Kiev, 26–41.

Magomedov, B.V. 1991: Kamenka-Anchekrak: poselenie chernyakhovskoy kul’tury [Kamenka- Anchekrak: a settlement of the Chernyakhov culture]. Kiev.

Magomedov, B.V. 2011: Ob amforakh tipa “Delakeu” [On amphoras of the “Delakeu” type]. In Peterburgskiy Apokrif. Poslanie ot Marka [Saint Petersburg Apocrypha. Message from Mark]. Saint Petersburg, 367–372.

Naumenko, S.A. 2019: Pozdneantichnyy Tanais i ego amfory` [Late Antique Tanais and its amphorae]. Vestnik Tanaisa [Bulletin of Tanais], 2.5. Rostov-on-Don, 86–101.

Nessel, V.A. 2003: Krasnolakovaya keramika iz mogil`nika Kilen-balka [Red-slipped pottery from the Kilen-balka burial ground]. Khersonesskiy sbornik [Chersonesos Collection] XII, 107–123.

Opait A., 1991: Ceramica. In M. Zahariade, Gh. Poenaru-Bordea, C. Opait, Fortifi catia si asezarea romana tirzie de la Babadag-Topraichioi. Peuce 10, 211–260.

Opaiţ, A. 2004: Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman Province of Scythia (4th-6th Centuries AD). Oxford. (BAR IS 1274).

Opait, A. 2010: Sinopean, Heraklean and Chersonesan “Carrot” Amphorae. ACSS 16.1–2, 371– 556.

Remolà, J.A., 2000: Las ánforas tardo-antiguas en Tarraco (Hispania Tarraconensis). Barcelona. (Colección Instrumenta 7)

Robinson, H. 1959: Pottery of the Roman period. Princeton. (The Athenian Agora, vol. V).

Sazanov, A.V. 1999: Keramicheskie kompleksy Severnogo Prichernomorya vtoroy poloviny IV–V vv. [Pottery contexts of the Northern Black Sea region of the second half of the 4th– 5th centuries AD]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kul`tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] VII, 224–293.

Sazanov, A.V. 2011: Pozdnie tipy uzkogorlykh svetloglinyanykh amfor i problemy khronologii Bospora pozdnerimskogo vremeni [Late types of narrow-necked light clay amphorae and problems of the chronology of the Bosporus of the late Roman time]. In Trudy` III (XIX) Vserossiyskogo arkheologicheskogo s’ezda [Proceedings of the III (XIX) All-Russian Archaeological Congress]. Vol. I, 325–327.

Sazanov, A.V. 2012: Khronologiya amfor mirmekiyskogo tipa (Zeest 72 – Bottger I.5) rimskogo vremeni [Chronology of amphorae of the Mirmekion type (Zeest 72 – Bottger I.5) of Roman period]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 16, 321–347.

Sazanov, A.V., Ivashhenko, Yu.F. 1989: K voprosu o datirovkax pozdneantichnykh sloev gorodov Bospora [On the dating of the late antique layers of the cities of the Bosporus], Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 1, 84–102.

Sazanov, A.V., Mokrousov, S.V. 1996: Poselenie Zolotoe Vostochnoe v bukhte (Vostochnyy Krym): opyt issledovaniya stratigrafi i rannevizantiyskogo vremeni [Settlement Zolotoe Vostochnoye in the bay (Eastern Crimea): the experience of studying the stratigraphy of the early Byzantine time]. Problemy, istorii, fi lologii, kul`tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] I, 88–107.

Sharov, O.V. 2007: Keramicheskiy kompleks nekropolya Chaty`r-Dag. Khronologiya kompleksov s rimskimi importami [Ceramic complex of the Chatyr-Dag necropolis. Chronology of complexes with Roman imports]. Saint Petersburg.

Shelov, D.B. 1965: Raskopki severo-vostochnogo uchastka Tanaisa (1955–1957) [Excavation of the northeastern section of Tanais]. Drevnosti Nizhnego Dona, 56–129. (Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR [Antiquities of the Lower Don. Materials and Studies on the Archaeology of the USSR] 127).

Smokotina, A.V. 2011: O khronologii amfor tipa C SNP I (“Delakeu”) [On the chronology of amphorae type C SNP I (Delakeu)]. In Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov`ya. Vzaimovliyanie kul’tur [Bosporus Cimmerian and barbarian world in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Mutual infl uence of cultures]. Simferopol–Kerch, 355–365. (Bosporskie chteniya [Bosporus readings]) XII).

Smokotina, A. 2016: Late Roman amphorae from Tyritake. Rei Cretariæ Romanæ Favtorvm Acta 44, 715–724.

Sokolskiy, N. I. 1963: Krepost` na gorodishhe u khutora Batareyka I [Fortress on the settlement near the Battereika I]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology] 1, 179–191.

Ushakov, S.V., Dyuzhenko, T.V., Strukova, E.V. 2015: Issledovanie zasypi kolodtsa rannenvizantiyskogo vremeni v severo-vostochnom rayone Khersonesa (kvartal XCVII, pomeshhenie 4) [Investigation of the backfi ll of an early Byzantine well in the northeastern region of Chersonesos (quarter XCVII, room 4)]. Arkheologicheskiy al`manakh. Drevnyaya i srednevekovaya Tavrika [Archaeological Almanac. Ancient and medieval Taurica] 32, 108–156.

Vagalinski, L. 2003: Ne varietatem timeamus - über die Chronologie des spätantiken Kastells Iatrus an der unteren Donau (Objekt XLIV). Archaeologia Bulgarica VII, 243–282.

Vagalinski, L. 2016: Problem der chronologie des spätantiken kastells Iatrus an der unteren Donau 2016. In A. Schwarcz, P. Soustal, A. Tcholakova (Hrsg.), Der Donaulimes in Spätantike und im Frühmittelalter, 217–233. (Miscellanea Bulgarica 22).

Vnukov, S. 2010: Sinopean Amphorae of the Roman Period. ACSS 16, 361–370.

Yashnaya, O.S. 2015: Amfory tipa Delakeu iz raskopok Mangupa [Delakeu-type amphorae from the excavations of Mangup]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kul`tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 3, 120–139.

Yurochkin, V.Yu., Zubarev, V.G. 2001: Kompleks s monetami IV veka iz raskopok gorodishhe Belinskoe [A complex with coins of the IV century from the excavations of the Belinskoe settlement]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 4, 454–473.

Zubarev, V.G. 2002: Nekotory`e voprosy` pozdneantichnoy istorii Evropeyskogo Bospora po rezul`tatam raskopok gorodishha u sela “Belinskoe” [Some questions of the late antique history of the European Bosporus based on the results of excavations of a settlement near the village of “Belinskoe”]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 5 120–132.

Zubarev, V.G. 2005: Vozmozhnosti ispol`zovaniya amfornykh innovatsiy pri datirovanii sloyov i kompleksov poseleniy (iz praktiki raskopok gorodishha «Belinskoe») [Possibilities of using amphora innovations in the dating of layers and complexes of settlements (from the practice of excavation of the settlement “Belinskoe”)]. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporan Studies] X, 80–89.

Zubarev, V.G., Sedykh, E.E. 2013: Planirovka i osnovny`e e`tapy zastroyki gorodishha «Belinskoe » vo II – pervoy polovine V vv. n. e` [Planning and main stages of development of the settlement “Belinskoe” in the 2nd – fi rst half of the 5th centuries], Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporan Studies] XXVIII, 250–274.

Zubarev, V.G., Shaptsev, M.S. 2016: Kompleksy s amforami pozdnerimskogo vremeni iz raskopok gorodishha “Belinskoe” [Complexes with amphorae of the late Roman time from the excavations of the settlement “Belinskoe”]. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporan Studies] 32, 86–106.

Zubarev, V.G., Yartsev, S.V. 2019: Predvaritel`nye itogi i perspektivy arkheologicheskikh raskopok v vostochnoy chasti gorodishha “Belinskoe” [Preliminary results and prospects of archaeological excavations in the eastern part of the Belinskoye settlement]. In V.N. Zinko (ed.), Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov`ya. Osnovny`e itogi i perspektivy` issledovaniy. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [Bosporus Cimmerian and barbarian world in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. The main results and prospects of research. Materials of the international scientific conference]. Simferopol–Kerch, 241–249. (XX Bosporskie chteniya [Bosporus Readings]).

Zubarev, V.G., Yartsev, S.V. 2020: Pogrebal`ny`e kamenny`e sooruzheniya na gorodishhe “Belinskoe” v Vostochnom Krymu [Burial stone structures at the settlement “Belinskoe” in the Eastern Crimea]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] XXV, 155–175.

Zubarev, V.G., Yartsev, S.V., Smekalov, S.L. 2020a: Materialy pozdneantichnogo i rannesrednevekovogo vremeni iz raskopok gorodishha “Belinskoe” v 2019 godu [Materials of the late antique and early medieval times from the excavations of the Belinskoye settlement in 2019]. Tavricheskie Studii [Tauric Studies] 22, 67–73.

Zubarev, V.G., Yartsev, S.V., Smekalov, S.L. 2020b: Osobennosti planirovki i osnovny`e e`tapy` osvoeniya vostochnogo uchastka gorodishha Belinskoe [Features of the layout and the main stages of development of the eastern section of the Belinskoye settlement]. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporus studies] XL, 109–139.