ANCIENT GREECE. HELLINISM. ROME
L.P. Marinovich (Moscow) — The Term «Barbarian» in Alexander the Great Biographies
G.A. Koshelenko, V.A. Gaibov (Moscow) — In protection of Alexandria in Margiane
A.A. Suprenkov (Moscow) — New Facts upon the Chora of Emporion
M.F. Vysokyi (Moscow) — Greek Myths and Cults of Messina Strait Region
A.V. Kolobov (Perm) — Dalmatian Limes as Prototype of Military Strategic System of the Roman Empire
A.N. Nikitin (Magnitogorsk) — Roman Limes: Stages of Development
NORTH BLACK SEA REGION IN ANTIQUITY AND EARLY MIDDLE AGES
I.N. Khrapunov (Simferopol, Ukraine) — Crypt of the 3rd Century AD from Neizats Burial Ground
V.V. Majko (Simferopol, Ukraine) — Byzantine-Russian Relations in Southeast Crimea in 11th Century
WEST AND EAST BLACK SEA REGIONS. CAUCASUS
S.M. Krykin (Moscow) — Prototown, Protostate, Protocivilization
M.S. Gadzhiev (Makhachkala) — Styding the Right of Caucasian Albania
B.M. Gunba (Sukhum, Abkhazia) — Narrative Sources upon Sebastopolis
À.À. Ljapin (Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan) — A.A. Marushchenko's Excavation at Ak-Tepe
G. Gompertz (Reading, Great Britain) — Seventeen Centuries of Korean Pottery
PREHISTORY
D.L. Brodyansky (Vladivostok) — Male and female calendars in Boismann Neolithic Culture
REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
S.B. Sorochan (Kharkov, Ukraine) — A . I . R o m a n c h u k Essays in history and archaeology of Byzantine Cherson. Ekaterinburg, 2000
N.F. Fedoseev (Kerch, Ukraine) — Nikolay Konovici
THE TERM «BARBARIAN» IN ALEXANDER THE GREAT BIOGRAPHIES
L.P. Marinovich
The article mentions the specific character of use for the term «barbarian» in biographies of Alexander the Great. The present facts and materials tell on the discussion hold in the Hellenistic world concerning the interrelations with the barbarous world. The author draws a conclusion as to the big variety of positions in this discussion – from especially positive up to completely negative.
IN PROTECTION OF ALEXANDRIA IN MARGIANE
G.A. Koshelenko, V.A. Gaibov
The article is devoted to the matter of town-planning activity by Alexander the Great and Seleukis in Margiane. Authors examine critical materials upon Curcius Rufus's traditions available in the historiography and conclude, that there are no serious grounds to challenge the reliability of the messages by Curcius Rufus about Alexander the Great campaign to Margiane.
NEW FACTS UPON THE CHORA OF EMPORION
A.A. Suprenkov
The article examines the new data upon the rural territory in Emporion – Phokaian colony in the northeast of Iberian Peninsula. The specificity of economic use for the «rural» territory of the state city connected with the fact, that Emporion was the polis uniting two ethnoses: the Greek and the Iberian. In this connection, the article brings up the questions of the land tenure and its character, besides, it points at the fact of the antique delimitation and the role of the local population in this process.
GREEK MYTHS AND CULTS OF MESSINA STRAIT REGION
M.F. Vysokyi
The article is devoted to the cultural specificity in the region of Messina strait. The history of regional cults is exposed in connection with the process of the local peacemaking.
DALMATIAN LIMES AS PROTOTYPE OF MILITARY STRATEGIC SYSTEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
A.V. Kolobov
Author analyses Dalmatian limes’ structure and functions and its influence on formation of frontier limes system of the Roman Empire.
THE ROLE OF AFRICAN PROVINCES IN POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL LIFE OF ROMAN EMPIRE
A.N. Nikitin
The work is devoted to revealing the role of the African provinces in a political, economic and cultural life of Roman Empire. The Veteran colonization allowed Empire to turn the Northern Africa into its «granaries» providing a steady receipt of grain to Rome. Political influence of the African provinces grew along with the growth of its economic value. It is possible to assert, that political value of Africa became apparent long since the 1st c A.D., and then especially in the 2nd c. and first half of the 3rd century A.D. The state reckoned with the opinion the African provincial assemblies – consilia. At the same time Africa became the important base of recruiting for the Roman horsemen and senators. The given region was the zone of intercultural, interethnic synthesis of civilizations.
ROMAN LIMES: STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
A.N. Nikitin
The entry is devoted to the development of one of the oldest boundaries of Empire – the southern limes. The author studies the military diplomas given out to the retired soldiers in order to define the names of the military units of Roman Empire dislocated in the northern Africa.
DETACHMENTS AND VEXILLIATIONS OF THE ROMAN LEGIONS IN DAÑIA: DISPOSITON AND FUNCTIONING
M.V. Popov
The article views the problems of disposition and functioning for the detachments and vexiliations of the Roman legions in Dacia. The strategic tasks: the maintenance of the defense capacity at the Carpathian-Danubian territories and the protection of the existent regime called forth the problem of troops' location and made it the matter of great urgency and importance. The issue of the separate Roman detachments and their functioning in Dacia still remains open.
INTERPRETATION OF ROUND BUILDINGS REMAINS FOUND ON THE HERAKLEIAN PENINSULA
V.M. Zubar
The round remains of plan view stone structures were more than once discovered on the Herakleian Peninsula in the course of excavations of the monuments on the agricultural territories of Chersonesos. Nevertheless, there is no agreement as to their interpretation. For this reason the article analyses all currently known remains of such structures. Relying on the available data the author comes to a conclusion that these remains should be regarded as jurt-like buildings, similar to the dwellings typical of many ancient peoples who turned from year-round roaming to semi-nomadic way of life. In the neighborhood of Chersonesos-Kherson they should be associated with the appearance of some Huns tribal union or nomadic population allied to them, but attracted by the settled way of life. The monuments proper should be dated back to the second half-early 5th – second half of the 6th centuries.
ORGANISATION OF DEFENSE IN TAMAN IN 2nd – THE MIDDLE OF 3rd CENTURIES A.D.: HISTORICAL MODELLING (ARCHAELOGICAL RESEARCH) BASED ON GIS-TECHNOLOGY
G.V. Trebeleva
To the beginning of application of such hi-tech direction as GIS-TECHNOLOGIES in archeology preceded decades of adaptation of theories and the methods of the spatial analysis borrowed by archeologists from geographers which in turn has taken much from physics, economy, biology, and actually geometry.
Method of archaeological research with the GIS-technology help has two main stages:
Thus, it is possible to say, that the organization of defense in Taman in 2nd – the middle of 3rd centuries AD, proceeding from the received model, was based mainly on a principle of the direct protection of the population from the imminent danger, i.e. enabled the population to be covered behind the strengthened walls, in case of any attacks from the enemy. Such system of the organization is one of the simplest forms. But, very likely, such form most corresponded to essential problems and economic opportunities of the state from the 2nd – to the middle of 3rd centuries A.D.
PROBLEMS OF THE PALEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION FOR THE AZOV SEASHORE IN TAMAN PENINSULA DURING THE ANTIQUE EPOCH
Yu.V. Gorlov
The present article offers the paleographic reconstruction of the Azov seashore evolution during the antique epoch, based upon the results of the latest geo-archeological studies.
CRYPT OF THE 3RD CENTURY AD FROM NEIZATS BURIAL GROUND
I.N. Khrapunov
The entry submits the publication upon the crypt of 3rd century A.D. from Neizats burial ground. The first excavations of this burial ground had been made in 1927. The systematic researches began in 1996. The monument is located in the center of the Crimean foothills, 25 km. far to the southeast from Simpheropol. The recorded data of the research for the crypt characterize late Sarmat archeological culture in its Crimean variant.
PAINTED CERAMICS FROM K.K.KOSTJUSHKO-VALJUZHINICH'S EXCAVATIONS IN COLLECTION OF CHERSONESUS TAURIAN NATIONAL RESERT
I.I. Vdovichenko
The article presents the published data upon the painted ceramics. These subjects are from the excavation of the founder the Chersonesus Museum – Charl Kazimirovich Kostsjushko-Valjuzhinich (1847-1907) who supervised over excavation in Chersonese from 1888 till his death. He discovered defensive walls, the mint of 4th century A.D., apartment houses, industrial workshops, and the necropolis. The wealthy collections of subjects composed for 19 years of the researches have not yet been introduced into historic practice till now.
COIN FINDS FROM THE SETTLEMENT CHAIKA IN THE NORTH-WESTERN CRIMEA (1959-2001)
S.A. Kovalenko
The article deals with publication of the coins found during archaeological excavations of the Chaika settlement. Analysis of the numismatic material including mostly Chersonesian coins confirms as well as that of the other archaelogical finds Chersonesian origin of the settlement. Coin finds in question play an important role for the definition of the general chronological frames of the monument and help to specify the dates of separate periods in its existence. Apart from Chersonesian coins those of Cercinitis, Olbia and Panticapaeum have been discovered on the site. Coin finds testify in favour of the active trade connections of the settlement with the other regions of the Northern Black Sea Littoral.
CRIMEAN GOTHS IN ETHNIC AREA OF MEDIEVAL TAURIS IN SOVIET AND MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
A.V. Zamorjakhin
The present article is about the problem of the Crimean Goths' ethnic history in Russian historical studies in the 20th – 21st cc., including issues of the ethnic identification for Goths in the Crimean territories, Gothic expansion on Bosporan Kingdom and their influence on life of the medieval Crimea. The author singles out three stages of studies as to the significance of Goths in the ethnic community and culture of Crimea: 1) the middle of 1920-s – the beginning of 1930-s; 2) the middle of 1930-s – the middle of 1950-s; 2) the second half of 1950-s till 1970-s
POVERTY AND MISERY OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF ST.JOHN THE CHRYSOSTOM’S ACTIVITY
A.V. Goraiko
St. John the Chrysostom as the archbishop of Constantinople endeavoured to solve the most urgent issue of his time, the problem of poverty and destitution among the population of the empire`s biggest city – Constantinople. By the end of the 4-th century Constantinople was a city of wide retailing and trading population and of complex social and religious problems. In the 5-th century the number of Constantinople inhabitants according to research calculations, ranged from about 100 000 to 700 000. The Byzantine capital abounded with paupers of any kind whose presence on the streets had already become a mark of the capital city. The situation of those contaminated with various diseases was even harder. The Church was to play a significant role at that time. With special vigour Chrysostom directs his speech against the well-off citizens looking only to multiplying their property. St. John saw an issue of improving life of the poor citizens as his own task and calling. Many other bishops of the Church also took their part in organizing charitable work over the entire polis. Chrysostom succeeded greatly in mobilizing and directing property and income of the capital Church for the needs of charity. Such actions evoked enormous sympathy on the side of those who had benefited from it. The political significance of the St. John`s personality for the capital increased. His social activity however ran across the interests of those in powers and the emperor`s court was among them. In the end, a positive solution to the issue of poverty and destitution in Constantinople was not realized due to hindrances from the Chrysostom`s enemies.
CRIMEA AND KHAZARIA IN THE END OF THE 7th – THE MIDDLE OF THE 8th CENTURIES A.D.
A.V. Sazanov, Yu. M. Mogarichev
The problem under consideration is the beginning of the Khazarian penetration into Crimea and placing a considerable part of the peninsula under the authority of the Khazarians. The analysis of the complexes for the second half of the 7th and the first half of the 8th centuries of the Crimean territories does not confirm the fact of their colonization by the strange nomads (Protobulgarians or Saltovians-Khazarians). The revealed nomadic complexes (including even the disputable ones) all in all come to 17% at best from the whole stock for the period. As for the khazarian burials, in general they are proved to be isolated and controversial instances. The statistics and map-making for the period show the absolute predominant of the traditional local population; besides, there were not any vital, fundamental changes in its composition, in comparison with the 6th - the first half of the 7th centuries. The cities-archontias Sudak and Cherson were under Byzantium control. The new settlements that appeared during the 50-60-s of the 8th century in the Kerch peninsula, in the south-eastern, central, north-western Crimea had nothing to do with the Khazarian influence in those lands. In fact, it did not have any effect on the relations between Byzantium and Khazaria in the peninsula.
A KYROI OF BYZANTIAN CHERSON: PROBLEMS OF THE STATUS AND DATING
S.B. Sorochan, K.D. Smychkov
The article represents the attempt of revision of the usual submissions about kyroi of Cherson as local independent rulers, which existed for a short period of time, at the end of 8th – beginning of 9th centuries. The analysis of seales allows to express some doubt as to the such a narrow dating. Five known molybduloi offered reduced the final to first half of IX centuries, epoch of the existence of the archontat. The edition of new seal specifies, that the officer with such name, title of imperial spathary and imperial post epi ton oikeiakon continued to act in Cherson in a period of the theme, at the last third of 9th century. Under the status, it was the imperial official from the staff of the local civil management by byzantian city connected with the administration of the archontat and then – thema. Probably, he attended tax, financial and property questions, in which was interested the imperial treasury and basyleos, giving to the officer high imperial titles.
BYZANTINE-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN SOUTHEAST CRIMEA IN 11th CENTURY
V.V. Majko
The work opens the subject of the political aspects of Byzantine-Russian relations in 11 century. The issue of George Tzulo revolt in 1015 is considered in details. The author notes: the resolution as to the question of the essence and historical consequences for George Tzulo revolt in Crimea does not use archeological data at all. So, the conclusion is – this problem is connected with the question of an upper chronological date, and even with the existence of the material culture replacing Saltovo-mayatskaya one in the southeast Crimea.
PROTOTOWN, PROTOSTATE, PROTOCIVILIZATION
S.M. Krykin
The present entry is devoted to the determination of the historical place for the ancient community of the southern Thracians, who were the neighbours of the ancient Greeks. Odrysaen«power» united a considerable part of the inhabitants from the East Balkan Mountains falling under the influence of the historical examples of Achaemenid state (European satrapia Skudra) and Athenian Naval League. Yet, in contrast to agricultural civilizations under the high commodity production system (that is – placing emphasis on farming) the Thracians decided on the activities of the «prestige» economics. Their elite lived on at the expense of ordinary people, the headquarters of their rulers bore little resemblance to the city states. Greeks thought the Thracians to be the barbarians and it did not mean their language only. The comparison of the southern- Thracian state system with the Scythian and Huns' communities makes it obvious that all those tribes formed their own systems of the «complicated leadership» with the characteristic moral code. The Thracian community did not compete with the city state Greeks in economic development, but lived according to their own system of laws and rules.
STYDING THE RIGHT OF CAUCASIAN ALBANIA
M.S. Gadzhiev
The article puts the actual problem of studying the right of the Caucasian Albania. The author examines the sphere of sources which submit data on legal relations in the Caucasian Albania. The special attention is given to statutory acts of the Albanian tsars and in particular to Aguenian canons; as one of the greatest monuments of lawmaking in Albania.
NARRATIVE SOURCES UPON SEBASTOPOLIS
B.M. Gunba
The article suggested – is a kind of a wide review upon the biggest antique and medieval center in the Eastern Black Sea region - Sebastopolis. The author proposes his own interpretation of the information remained, which allowed to define more precisely some controversial issues as to the political, cultural and religious role of the city in life of the whole region.
A.A. MARUSHCHENKO'S EXCAVATION AT AK-TEPE
À.À. Ljapin
The work submits the published results of excavation for the eneolithic and early bronze settlement Àk-Tepe. The present publication is caused by the fact that results of the excavation which had been carried out by A.A. Marushchenko have not yet been published.
SEVENTEEN CENTURIES OF KOREAN POTTERY
G. Gompertz
This is the Russian translation of G. Gompertz’ (1904-1992), article who was one of the founders of studying for the Korean ceramics in Europe. The article was published in «Appolo» magazine (1968) in connection with the demonstration of the exhibition «The Art of the Korean potter» staged in museums of New York, Toronto, Chicago.
MALE AND FEMALE CALENDARS IN BOISMANN NEOLITHIC CULTURE
D.L. Brodyansky
The article describes 42 bone and horn handworks: needles, needle-cases, furnishings and little sculptures with calendars: moon, sun, pregnancy, week, year and timeless ones. They belongs to the most early period calendars found at the Far East, in Maritime Region. They were found in mortuaries and layers of shells belonging to Boismann Neolithic Cultures having 6500-4800 years age. Male and female calendars are distinguished.
ON CERTAIN NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH (concerning the book by T. G. Myakin, Sappho. The Language, Personality, Life. – Saint Petersburg: Aleteia, 2004).
L.L. Selivanova
As part of her analysis of the book by T. G. Myakin, Larisa L. Selivanova notes that whereas its appearance fills in an almost hundred year old gap in Russian studies on Sappho, this book is of particular interest as it combines two approaches: that of classical philologists on the one hand, and the one that has been in use in gender studies on the other. Modern gender studies have been flourishing in social, economic, demographic, anthropological, psychological, and many other fields. Similar approaches have been noticeable in Russian studies as well, in particular those on Russian history, western European Middle ages, ethnology, sociology, and social history. However, as Selivanova asserts, Russian ancient historians keep ignoring this important new development either because of misinterpreting it as feminism or being unable to see its potential or due to their persisting conservatism. While generally undertaking the approach of a classical philologist, T. G. Myakin appears to draw the conclusions that correspond to and confirm those that have been made in gender studies, which emphasizes the importance of the latter in the field of historical research in general and in the study of ancient history in particular. The book by T. G. Myakin, therefore, might be seen as a reflection of two important developments: first, the overcoming of persisting unwillingness to employ methods of gender studies to the subjects of interest to ancient historians, and, second, a much greater opening to new innovative methods and approaches in provincial centers of learning than in Moscow-based research institutions.
MEDIEVAL ITALY IN WORKS BY MEDIEVISTS OF UKRAINIAN LANDS OF RUSSIAN EMPIRE (1804-1885)
S.I. Liman
The article deals with the history of studying various problems of medieval Italy in Ukrainian lands of Russian Empire 1804-1885. Those studies mostly related to the epoch of deep Middle Ages and were limited to Northern and Central Italy as well as Italian possessions in Crimea. Two large groups of problems were investigated: history of foreign and colonial policies of Italian naval republics; internal political, social, clerical and cultural history of the states in Apennine Peninsula. The most important contribution to the study of Italian history was brought by N.N.Murzakevich (history of Genovese settlements in Crimea), V.N.Yurgevich (Genovese epigraphics and numismatics), M.N.Petrov (reformer acts by Savonarola), V.Avseenko (the first stage of Italian wars), V.P.Buzeskul (antipapal riot of Arnold of Brescia), V.F.Pevnitsky (homiletics of Pape Gregory the Biverbose).