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Abstract

During the study of monuments of the Amur-Ussuri province of rock art, modern methods of contactless documentation of petroglyphs and their landscape and cultural context were applied. Digital photography was used (including aerial photography with UAV), laser scanning and methods of satellite geodesy. Computerized processing of the collected data generates detailed three-dimensional models of individual boulders and surfaces with petroglyphs, as well as models of areas of their distribution in the river fl oodplains and on rocky cliffs. Advantages and limitations of various methods of contactless documentation were studied, sets of documentation tools were optimized for the reproduction of bas-relief images located on surfaces of complex geometry, for accurate positioning of petroglyphs on rock cliffs and for mapping the location of stones in river fl oodplains. The characteristics of the equipment necessary for effi cient aerial and terrestrial photography and laser scanning were defi ned. Methods for improving the detail and completeness of the collected data had been determined. The application of mathematical algorithms to visualize the relief of the surface of the stone made it possible to perform a three-dimensional drawing of the contours of petroglyphs and to reveal previously unknown petroglyphs. The collected data on rocky cliffs will allow creating maps of the distribution of rock carvings in the future. Materials of aerial photography of the distribution areas of boulders with petroglyphs in the fl oodplain of the Amur River are supposed to be used to monitor the movement of boulders under the infl uence of water and ice during the ice drift. A combination of mutually complementary methods of documenting creates an integral image of the monuments of rock art.

Keywords

Archaeology, Far East, Amur-Ussuri province of rock art, petroglyphs, 3D models, aerial photography, photogrammetry, laser scanning, documentation of petroglyphs, mathematical visualization, geoinformatics.

Аrtur R. Laskin

Institute of Archaeology RAS, Moscow, Regional State Budgetary Institution “Khabarovsk Regional Centre for Cultural and Historical Heritage Protection”, Khabarovsk, Russia

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Ekaterina G. Devlet

Institute of Archaeology RAS, Moscow; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

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Aleksandra E. Grinko, Yuriy M. Svoyskiy, Ekaterina S. Romanenko

Institute of Archaeology RAS, Moscow, Russia

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Devlet, E.G., Laskin, A.R. 2015: Petroglify Khabarovskogo kraya: rezul’taty monitoringa posledstviy pavodka v 2013 godu na Amure i Ussuri [Petroglyphs of Khabarovsk Territory: the impact of the 2013 Amur and Ussuri fl ooding]. Arkheologiya, etnografi ya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, ethnology and anthropology of Eurasia] 4 (43), 94–105.

Devlet, E.G., Laskin, A.R. 2017a: Petroglify na r. Kiya v Khabarovskom krae [Petroglyphs on the Kiya River in the Khabarovsk Territory]. Kratkie soobshсheniya instituta arkheologii [Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology] 249 (1), 167–173.

Devlet, E.G., Laskin, A.R. 2017b: Sostoyanie sokhrannosti petroglifov Sikachi-Alyana: prirodnoe i antropogennoe vozdeystvie [The Sikachi-Alyan Petroglyphs’ Conservation Status: Natural and Anthropogenic Impact]. In: S.V. Batarshev, A.M. Shipovalov (eds.), Arkheologiya CIRCUM-PASIFIC: Pamyati Igorya Yakovlevicha Shevkomuda [CIRCUM-PACIFIC Archaeology: in the Memory of Igor Yakovlevich Shevkomud]. Vladivostok, 252–265.

Devlet, E.G., Laskin, A.R., Svoyskiy, Yu.M., Romanenko, E.V., Timofeeva, A.S., Pakhunov, A.S. 2017: Trekhmernoe dokumentirovanie – instrument peredachi ikonografi cheskikh osobennostey lichin v naskal’nom iskusstve Dal’nevostochnogo regiona [Three-dimensional documentation – a tool for the transfer of iconographic features of the anthropomorphic masks in the rock art of the Far Eastern region]. In: S.V. Batarshev, A.M. Shipovalov (eds.), Arkheologiya CIRCUM-PASIFIC: Pamyati Igorya Yakovlevicha Shevkomuda [CIRCUM-PACIFIC Archaeology: in the Memory of Igor Yakovlevich Shevkomud]. Vladivostok, 266–273.

Laskin, A.R. 2007: Perspektivy dal’neyshego izucheniya i sokhraneniya petroglifov Sikachi- Alyana [The Rock Art of Sikachi-Alian: Future Study and Preservation]. Arkheologiya, etnografi ya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, ethnology and anthropology of Eurasia] 2 (30), 136–142.

Laskin, A.R. 2012: Issledovaniya Sheremet’evskikh petroglifov v Khabarovskom krae [Studies of Sheremet’evo petroglyphs in Khabarovsk Territory]. In: A.P. Derevyanko (ed.), Dal’nevostochno-sibirskie drevnosti: sbornik nauchnykh trudov, posvyashchennyy 70-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya V.E. Medvedeva [Far-Eastern Antiquities: collected papers to the 70th anniversary of V.E. Medvedev]. Novosibirsk, 51–54.

Laskin, A.R. 2014: Novye rezul’taty issledovaniy pamyatnikov drevnego naskal’nogo iskusstva v basseyne rek Amura i Ussuri v Khabarovskom krae: problemy sokhraneniya i ispol’zovaniya [New research results of ancient rock art sites in the Amur and Ussuri basins in Khabarovsk Territory: problems of conservation and use]. In: A.G. Sitdikov, N.A. Makarov, A.P. Derevyanko (eds.), Trudy IV (XX) Vseross. arkheologicheskogo s”ezda v Kazani [Proceedings of the IV(XX) All-Russian Archaeological Congress in Kazan’]. Т. IV. Kazan, 62–65.

Laskin, A.R., Devlet, E.G., Babaev, A.L., Sudakov, A.I. 2005: Petroglify Sikachi-Alyana – unikal’nyy pamyatnik drevnego naskal’nogo iskusstva na Nizhnem Amure (problemy sokhraneniya i ispol’zovaniya) [The Sikachi-Alyan petroglyphs – a unique ancient rock art site on the Lower Amur (problems of conservation and use)]. In: E.G. Devlet (ed.), Mir naskal’nogo iskusstva [The World of Rock Art]. Moscow, 154–162.

Laskin, A.R., Devlet, E.G. 2013: Novye petroglify na reke Ussuri v Khabarovskom krae [New petroglyphs on the Ussuri river in Khabarovsk Territory]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii, kul’tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies] 4 (42), 209–216.

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