download PDF

Abstract

The article deals with a new type of tetartemorion (the small silver denomination in Panticapaeum) dating back to the early years of the rule of Spartokos I. The proposed typological analysis of the discussed coins allows us to attribute those tetartemoria to the series with “laureate head of Apollo / quadratum incusum with a ram head to the right in the center, ΠΑΝΤΙ”. Further, on, the exact meaning of iconographic symbolism of a ram head is under consideration: it seems likely to be explained as the Spartokos’ emblem. It is specially pointed that a ram was used in close association with a concept of Khvarenah – a divine mystical vital power, celestial fi re, and even an emanation of the sun itself, i. e. one of the most important elements of Indo-Iranic sacral paradigm. Therefore, the whole idea implies close relationship between the Bosporan king and Scythian elite of the North Pontic area.

Keywords

Ancient coins, Panticapaeum, the Spartokids dynasty

Andrey E. Tereshchenko

The State Russian Museum, Russia, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abramzon, M.G. 2010: Ekonomicheskie svyazi Bospora v VI v. do n. e. – III v. n. e.: grecheskie monety v denezhnom obrashchenii [Bosporan economic relations in 5th century BC – 3rd century AD: Greek coins circulation]. Problemy istorii, fi lologii i kul’tury [Journal of Historical, Philological, and Cultural Studies] 1 (27), 477–521.

Abramzon, M.G. 2013: Antichnye inozemnye monety iz raskopok Fanagorii [Ancient foreign coins from excavations at Phanagoria]. In: V.D. Kuznetsov (ed.), Fanagoriya: rezul’taty arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy [Phanagoria. Results of Archaeological Studies]. T. 1. Moscow, 61–107.

Anokhin, V.A. 1986: Monetnoe delo Bospora [The Coinage of Bosporan Kingdom]. Kiev.

Anokhin, V.A. 1999: Istoriya Bospora Kimmeriyskogo [A History of Cimmerian Bosporus]. Kiev.

Babelon, E. 1907: Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines. Paris.

Burachkov, P.O. 1884: Obshchiy katalog monet, prinadlezhashchikh ellinskim koloniyam, sushchestvovavshim v drevnosti na severnom beregu Chernogo morya [General catalogue of coins of ancient Greek colonies on the Northern coast of the Black sea]. Pt. 1. Odessa.

Butyagin, A.M., Vinogradov, Yu.A. 2014: Kurgany na myse Ak-Burun [Ak-Burun Cape mounds]. Simferopol’– Kerch’.

Delivorrias, A., Berger-Doer, G., Kossatz-Deissmann, A. 1984: Aphrodite. In: H.C. Ackermann et al. (ed.), LIMC. Vol. II. München – Zürich, 1–150.

Frolova, N.A. 1996: Monetnoe delo Bospora serediny VI–V vv. do n. e. [Bosporan coinage in mid 6th–5th century BC]. Rossiyskaya arkhreologiya [Russian Archaeology] 2, 34–69.

Frolova, N.A. 2004: Die frühe Münzprägung vom Kimmerischen Bosporos (Mitte 6. bis Anfang 4. Jh. v. Chr. Berlin.

Frolova, N.A. 2014: Monety Bospora – istochnik po voprosu o proiskhozhdenii osnovatelya dinastii Spartokidov – Spartoka (438 g. do n. e.) [Bosporan coins as a source of information for the origin of Spartokos, the founder of Spartokid dynasty]. In: I.V. Bruyako (ed.), Zapiski otdela numizmatiki i torevtiki Odesskogo arkheologicheskogo muzeya [Proceedings of the Department of Numismatics of Toreutics of Odessa Archaeological Museum]. Vyp. II. Odessa, 29–41.

Gerhard, F.W.E. 1854: Aphrodite Pandemos-Epitragia. Archäologische Zeitung 12, 273–276.

Gerhard, F.W.E. 1862: Aphrodite als Widdergottheit. Archäologische Zeitung 20, 304–306.

Grantovskiy, E.A. 1970: Rannyaya istoriya persidskikh plemen Peredney Azii [An early history of the Persian ethnic groups of Western Asia]. Moscow

Keller, O. 1909: Die antike Tierwelt. Bd I. Säugetiere. Leipzig.

Keller, O. 1913: Die antike Tierwelt. Bd II: Vögel, Reptilien, Fische, Insekten, Spinnentiere, Tausendfüssler, Krebstiere, Würmer, Weichtiere, Stachelhäuter, Schlauchtiere. Leipzig.

Lambrinudakis, W. 1984: Apollo. In: H.C. Ackermann et al. (ed.), Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Vol. II. München – Zürich, 183–327.

Maslennikov, A.A., Smekalova, T.N. 2005: Sledy drevnego zemlevladeniya i zemlepol’zovaniya na khrore Evropeyskogo Bospora (Vvedenie v temu) [Evidence of ancient land owning and land use in the rural territory of the European Bosporus. An introduction]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 8, 276–307.

Melnikov, O.N. 2001: Nimfey, skifskiy vozhd’ Sammak i «izmena Gilona» [The polis of Nymphaion, Sammak, chief of the Scythians, and the “betrayal of Gylon”]. Materialy po arkhreologii, istorii i etnografi i Tavrii [Materials for archaeology, history, and ethnography of Taurica] VIII, 410–435.

Melnikov, O.N. 2003: Bosporskaya gosudarstvennost’ VI – nachala IV vv. do n. e. po dannym numizmatiki [Bosporan statehood of 6th – early 5th century BC]. In: V.N. Zin’ko et al. (eds.), Bospor Kimmeriyskiy. Pont i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya. Materialy IV Bosporskikh chteniy [The Cimmerian Bosporus and the barbarian world in the period of Antiquity and Middle Ages. 10th Bosporan Readings]. Kerch’, 174–183.

Melnikov, O.N. 2005: Metrologiya monet Bospora vtoroy poloviny VI – nachala IV vv. do n. e. [A metrological study of Bosporan coins of late 6th – early 4th century BC]. Stratum plus 6, 320–355.

Melnikov, O.N. 2009: Arkhaicheskiy period i etap ranney klassiki v numizmatike Bospora Kimmeriyskogo [Bosporan Numismatics of Archaic and Early Classical Periods]. Stratum plus 6, 174–234.

Melnikov, O.N. 2014: Emitentnye tipy v apolloniyskom monetnom soyuze bosporskikh polisov. Tavricheskie studii [Taurica Studies] 6, 74–80.

Molev, E.A. 1999: Spartok i pervye Spartokidy na Bospore [Spartokus the king and the fi rst kings of Spartokid dynasty at Bosporus]. Antichnyy mir i arkheologiya [Ancient world and archaeology] 10, 30–35.

Monety Bospora. Katalog-arkhriv [The Coins of Bosporan Kingdom], http://bosporan-kingdom. com

Orth, F. 1923: Schaff. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Hlbd 2A. Stuttgart, 373–399.

Shaub, I.Yu. 2007: Mif, kul’t, ritual v Severnom Prichernomor’e VII–IV vv. do n. e. [Myth, cult, and ritual in the in the Northern Black Sea region in 7th–4th century BC]. Saint-Petersburg.

Shaub, I.Yu. 2010: Ellinskie traditsii i varvarskie vliyaniya v religioznoy zhizni grecheskikh koloniy Severnogo Prichernomor’ya (VI–IV vv. do n. e.) [Greek traditions and barbarian infl uence upon the religious life of Greek colonies of Northern Black Sea Area (the 6th – 4th cc. BC]. Saint-Petersburg.

Shaub, I.Yu. 2013: Priobshchenie k Velikoy bogine kak kul’minatsiya zagrobnykh upovaniy bosporskoy elity: kul’turno-istoricheskie paralleli [Communion with the Great Mother Goddess as a supreme reward of holy expectations of the Bosporan elite. Historical and cultural parallels]. In: M.Yu. Vahrtina et al. (eds.), Bosporskiy fenomen: greki i varvary na evraziyskom perekrestke. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [The Phenomenon of the Bosporan Kingdom: The Greeks and the barbarians at the crossroads between Asia and Europe. Proceedings of the International Conference]. Saint-Petersburg, 78–82.

Shelov, D.B. 1956: Monetnoe delo Bospora VI–II vv. do n. e. [The coinage of Bosporan Kingdom in 6th–3nd centuries BC]. Moscow.

Shelov-Kovedyaev, F.V. 1985: Istoriya Bospora v VI–IV vv. do n. e. [A history of Bosporus in 6th–4th centuries BC] In: A.P. Novosel’tsev (ed.), Drevneyshie gosudarstva na territorii SSSR: materialy i issledovaniya [Ancient States in the territory of the USSR: Materials and Studies]. Moscow, 5–187.

Smekalova, T.N. 2005: Mezhdunarodnaya torgovlya zernom i poyavlenie pervyk monet na Bospore. In: V.N. Zin’ko (ed.), Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya. Periody destabilizatsii, katastrof. Materialy VI Bosporskikh chteniy [The Cimmerian Bosporus and the barbarian world in the period of Antiquity and Middle Ages. Destabilization and catastrophes period. 6th Bosporan Readings]. Kerch’, 248–256.

Stephani, L. 1870: Compte rendu de la Commission Impériale Archéologique: pour l’année 1869. Saint- Petersburg.

Strokin, V.L. 2007: ΑΠΟΛ[loniya] Bosporskaya ili [khram] ΑΠΟΛ[lona]? [ΑΠΟΛ[lonia] of Bosporus or temple of ΑΠΟΛ[lo]?]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 11, 30–377.

Strokin, V.L. 2009: Nimfej – Sama (?) – Nimfey [Nymphaion – Sama (?) – Nymphaion]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 13, 359–392.

Strokin, V.L. 2010: Monety s poseleniya Golubitskaya 2 [The coins discovered at the Golubitskaya 2 settlement]. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus] 14, 451–467.

Tereshchenko, A.E. 2004: Avtonomnaya chekanka polisov Bospora Kimmeriyskogo VI–V vv. do n. e. [Autonomic coinage of the Cimmerian Bosporus]. Saint-Petersburg.

Tereshchenko, A.E. 2012: Apolloniysko-dionisiyskie motivy v syuzhetakh monet pantikapeyskoy chekanki domitridatovskoy epokhi [The Apollonian and the Dionysian motives in the Panticapaeian coins subjects before Mithridates]. Stratum plus 6, 119–170.

Tereshchenko, A.E. 2013: Monetnoe delo Pantikapeya v IV v. do n. e. [The coinage of Panticapaeum in 4th century BC]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 102–127.

Tereshchenko, A.E. 2013a: «Apolloniyskaya» chekanka na Bospore Kimmeriyskom. V poiskakh emitenta [The possible issuer of so-called “Apollonian” coins in the Cimmerian Bosporus]. In: M.Yu. Vahrtina et al. (eds.), Bosporskiy fenomen: greki i varvary na evraziyskom perekrestke. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [The Phenomenon of the Bosporan Kingdom: The Greeks and the barbarians at the crossroads between Asia and Europe. Proceedings of the International Conference]. Saint-Petersburg, 44–52.

Thompson, d’Arcy W. 1895: A Glossary of Greek birds. Oxford.

Thompson, M., Mørkholm, O, Kraay, C. M. (eds.) 1973: An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. New York

Tokhtasyev, S.R. 2001: Proiskhozhdenie titulatury Spartokidov [The origin of royal titles of the Spartocids]. In: V.N. Zin’ko et al. (eds.), Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i Pont v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya. Materialy II Bosporskikh chteniy [The Cimmerian Bosporus and the Barbarian World in the Period of Antiquity and Middle Ages. 2nd Bosporan Readings]. Kerch’, 161–164.

Tolstikov, V.P. 1992: Pantikapey – stolitsa Bospora [Panticapaeum, the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom]. In: G.A. Koshelenko (ed.), Ocherki arkheologii i istorii Bospora [Studies for Bosporan Archaeology and History]. Moscow, 45–99.

Vinogradov, Yu.A. 2002. Greki i varvary na Bospore Kimmeriyskom v dorimskuyu epokhu [Greeks and barbarians at the Cimmerian Bosporus in pre-Roman period]. Saint-Petersburg

Vinogradov, Yu.G. 1983: Polis v Severnom Prichernomor’e [Polis in the Northern Black Sea region]. In: E.S. Golubtsova (ed.), Antichnaya Gretsiya [Ancient Greece]. T. 1. Moscow, 394–420.

Zograf, A.N. 1951: Antichnye monety [Ancient coins]. Moscow.