Abstract
The author analyzes two series of Bosporan coins issued during the rule of Mithradates VI Eupator, the King of Pontus. The fi rst coinage consists of Panticapaeum and Phanagorian bronze coins with Аrtemis r./stag lying l. The other coinage contents Panticapaeum silver drachms with Artemis r., bow and a quiver at shoulder/stag feeding (drinking) r., monogram l. Basing on the dates for the quasi-autonomous copper of Pontus and Paphlagonia suggested by F. Imhoof-Blumer, scholars dated the fi rst series to the end of the 2nd century BC (or to the turn of 1st – 2nd centuries BC). The second series of silver coins was dated to the 90–80 BC (a group of researchers proposed a wider date – circa 100–75 BC). There is a common opinion that the type of lying or feeding stag refl ected the Pontic (i.e. Mithridatic) motives and was even directly connected with the personality of Mithradates VI. But the chronology of copper coins of Pontus was recently précised by F. de Callatay. It allows us to date the fi rst series of Bosporan coins to the late 90s – 80s BC, what is close to the period when the second coin series appeared. Their reverse type is linked with the increased worship of Artemis of Ephesus in the Bosporus and other cities of the Black Sea Region, which took place shortly before and during the fi rst years of the First Mithridatic war. The symbols of Artemis’ cult on coins of Bosporus, Chersonesus Taurica and Amisus appeared not under the direct infl uence of Mithridatic ideology, but as a result of an impact from Ephesus, its coinage and popularity of Artemision, the Panhellenic temple there. The spreading of traditional worship of the Ephesian goddess was due to the polis freedom and privileges given to Greek cities by Mithradates Eupator. This allowed them to be easier in choosing polis cults and coin types. The type of a stag on autonomous coins didn’t contradict to the so-called “Mithridatic propaganda” using the cult of Artemis of Ephesus in late 90s – early 80s BC for uniting the Greeks in Asia Minor and in the Black Sea Region around the king of Pontus who had been proclaimed as the liberator of the Greeks.
Keywords
Bosporus, Ephesus, Mithradates Eupator, Artemis, stag, Phanagoreia, Panticapaeum, Pontic Kingdom
Аbramzon, M.G., Ivanina, О.А. 2010: Аntichnye monety iz sobraniya Kerchenskogo istorikokul’turnogo zapovednika. Кiev.
Аbramzon, М.G. 2013: Аntichnye inozemnye monety iz raskopok Fanagorii. In: V.D. Кuznetzov (еd.), Fanagoriya. Rezul’taty arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy. Т. 1: Мaterialy pо arkheologii i istorii Fanagorii. Vyp. 1. Мoscow, 61–107.
Andreae, B. 1994/1995: Eracle, Telefo e il re Mitridate VI del Ponto. Un esempio di propaganda politica contro i Romani in Asia Minore in età tardo ellenistica. RendPontAc 67, 111–122.
Andreae, B. 1997: Telephos-Mithridates im Museo Chiaramonti des Vatikan. RM 104, 395–416.
Аnohrin, V.А. 1977: Моnetnoe delo Hrersonesa. Кiev.
Аnohrin, V.А. 1986: Моnetnoe delo Bospora. Кiev.
Аnohrin, V.А. 1989: Моnety аntichnyhr gorodov Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomor’ya. Кiev.
Аnohrin, V.А. 2011: Аntichniye monety Severnogo Prichernomor’ya. Кiev.
Biffi, N. 2010: Scampoli di Mithridatika nella Geografi a di Strabone. Bari.
BMC Ionia, 1873–1927: A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. London.
Burachkov, P.O. 1884/2009: Obshchiy catalog monet, prinadlezhashchihr ellinskim koloniyam, sushchestvovavshim v drevnosti na severnom beregu Chernogo moray. Odessa–Moscow.
Callatay, F. de 1997: L’histoire des guerres mithridatiques. Vue par les monnaies. Louvain-la- Neuve.
Callatay, F. de 2007: La revision de la chronologie des bronzes de Mithridate Eupator et ses consequences sur la datation des monnayages et des sites du Bosphore Cimmérien. Ιn: A. Bresson, A. Ivantchik, J.-L. Ferrary (eds.), Une koinè pontique. Cité grecques, sociétés indigènes et empires mondiaux sur le littoral nord de la Mer Noire (VIIe s. a. C. – IIIe s. p. C.). Bordeaux, 271–308.
Carradice, I., Price, M. 1988: Coinage in the Greek World. London.
Dyukov, Yu. L. 1977: О monetnoy chekanke Bospora pri Мitridatе Еvpatorе. In: Proshloe nashey Rodiny v pamyatnikahr numizmatiki. Leningrad, 155–161.
Ephesos Museum = Erdemgіl S., Üçbaylar E. etc. Ephesos Museum. Istanbul.
Erhardt, N. 1988: Milet und seine Kolonien. Frankfurt am Main– Bern– NewYork–Paris.
Frolova, N.A. 1996: Towards a History of Bosphoran Coinage (1st century BC). ACSS 3. 2–3, 151–168.
Frolova, N.A., Ireland, S. 2002: The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom. From the First Century BC to the Middle of the First Century AD. Oxford.
Golenko, К.V. 1952: Моnety iz sluchaynyhr nahrodok v Patree. Vestnik drevney istorii 3, 147– 155.
Golenko, К.V. 1960: Iz istorii monetnogo dela na Bospore v I v. dо n.e. Numizmatika i epigrafi ka 2, 28–40.
Golenkо, К.V., Shelov, D.B. 1963: Моnety iz raskopok Pantikapeya 1945–1961 gg. Numizmatika i sfragistika 1, 3–65.
Golenkо, К.V. 1964: Моnetnaya med’ gorodov Ponta i Pafl agonii vremeni Мitridаta VI v bosporskikh nahrodkahr. Palestinskiy sbornik 11 (74), 58–73.
Golenkо, К.V. 1965: Fantalovskiy klad bosporskihr didrahrm I v. dо n.e. Vestnik drevney istorii 4, 141–158.
Head, B.V. 1873: The Greek Autonomous Coins. London.
Head, B.V. 1892: Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Ionia. London.
Head, B.V. 1911: Historia Nummorum. Oxford.
Hill, G.F. 1906: Historical Greek Coins. London.
Hoover, O.D. 2012: Handbook of Coins of Northern and Central Anatolia. Pontos, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lykaonia, and Kappadokia (with Kolchis and the Kimmerian Bosporos). Fifth to First Centuries BC. Lancaster – London.
Howgego, Ch. 1997: Ancient History from Coins. London.
Højte, J. 2009: Portraits and Statues of Mithridates VI. In: J.M. Højte (ed.), Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom. Aarhus, 145–162.
Imhoof-Blümer, F. 1901/1902: Kleinasiatische Münzen. Bd. 1–2. Wien.
Imhoof-Blümer, F. 1912: Die Kupferprägung des Mithradatischen Reichs und anderen Münzen des Pontus und Paphlagoniens. NZ 45, 2, 169–192.
Ireland, S. 2000: Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Coins in the Museum at Amasya (Ancient Amaseia), Turkey. London.
Jenkins, G.K. 1972: Ancient Greek Coins. Fribourg.
Kinns, P. 1989: Ionia: the Pattern of Coinage during the last Century of the Persian empire. REA 91. 1–2, 183–193.
Kleiner, G. 1953: Bildnis und Gestalt des Mithridates. JDAI 68, 73–96.
Кutaisov, V.А. 2013: Аntichnyy polis Кеrkinitidа. Simferopol’.
Magie, D. 1950: Roman Rule in Asia Minor. Vol. II. Princeton.
Malloy, A.G. 1970: The Coinage of Amisus. New York.
McDonald, D. 2005: An Introduction to the History and Coinage of the Kingdom of the Bosporus. Lancaster–London.
McGing, B. 1986: The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Leiden.
Меdvedeva, L.I. 1984: Моnеty Кеrkinitidy. Numiznatika i epigrafi ka 14, 40–49.
Michels, Ch. 2009: Kulturtransfer und monarchischer Philhellenismus. Bithynien, Pontos und Kappadokien in hellenistischer Zeit. Göttingen.
Rozanovа, N.P. 1960: Posvyatitel’naya nadpis’ Аrtemidе efesskoy, naydennaya v Pantikapee v 1949 g. Vestnik drevney istorii 3, 130–132.
Rusyaeva, А.S. 2005: Religiya pontiyskihr ellonov v antichnuyu epohru. Мify. Svyatilishcha. Кul’ty оlimpiyskihr bogov i geroev. Кiev.
Saprykin, S.Yu. 1996: Pontiyskoe tsarstvo. Мoscow.
Saprykin, S.Yu. 2009: Religiya i kul’ty Ponta ellinisticheskogo i rimskogo vremeni. Мoscow– Тulа.
Shaub, I.Yu. 2007: Мif, kul’t, ritual v Severnom Prichernomor’е (VII–IV vv. dо n.e.). Saint- Peterbourg.
Shelov, D.B. 1965: Маterialy k istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniya v gorodahr Bospora v VI–I vv. dо n.e. Numiznatika i epigrafi ka 5, 31–50.
Shelov, D.B. 1978: Маhrar, pravitel’ Bospora. Vestnik drevney istorii 1, 55–72.
Shelov, D.B.1982: Le royaume pontique de Mithridate Eupator. JdS, juillet-décembre, 243–266.
Shelov, D.B. 1983: Gorodа Severnogo Prichernomor’ya i Mitridat Evpator. Vestnik drevney istorii 2, 40–58.
Shelov, D.B. 1985: Pontiyskaya derzhava Mitridata Evpatorа. In: О.D. Lordkipanidze (еd.), Prichernomor’e v epohru ellinizma. Тbilisi, 551–571.
Sherwin-White, A.N. 1980: The Opening of the Mithridatic War. In: Miscellanea di studi classici in onore di Eugenio Manni. Vol. 6. Roma, 1981–1995.
Smekalovа, Т.N., Dyukov, Yu. L. 2001: Моnetnye splavy gosudarstv Prichernomor’ya. Bospor, Оl’viya, Тira. Saint-Peterbourg.
SNG Aulock, 1960/1968: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutchlands. Sammlung von Aulock. Ionien, Kilikien. Berlin.
SNG Copenhagen, 1946: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. The Danish National Museum. Part 1. Ionia. Copenhagen.
SNG State Pushkin Museum, 2011: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. Coins of the Black Sea Region. Leuven– Paris–Walpole.
SNG III The Lockett Collection, 1938: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Vol. III. The Lockett Collection. London.
SNG IX BM, 1993: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Vol. IX. The British Museum. 1. The Black Sea. London.
SNG XI Stancomb, 2000: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Vol. XI. The William Stancomb Collection of Coins of The Black Sea Region. Oxford.
Тreister, М.Yu. 1990: Drevneyshiy predmet etrusskogo proizvodstva v Severnom Prichernomor’е i nekotorye problemy ranney istorii Pantikapeya. Кratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arhreologii 197, 37–44.
Тurovskiy, Е.Ya. 1997: Моnety nezavisimogo Hrersonesa IV–II vv. dо n.e. Sevastopol’.
WBR = Waddington W., Babelon E., Reinach T. 1925: Recueil général des monnaies grecques d’Asie Mineure. T. 1, f. 1. Ed. 2. Paris.
Zograf, А.N. 1951: Аntichnye monety. Мoscow–Leningrad.