HISTORY OF ANCIENT WORLD AND ARCHAELOGY

Dzidzarija O.P., Samanba L.H. (Sukhum) — «The Book of books …». To the 20-anniversary of the edition of the first explanatory «Dictionary of the Abkhazian language»

SUPPLEMENT

Flori Diaconi Martyrologium. Introduction, Translation and Commentary by V.N.Genke (Nizhij Novgorod)

WORLD OF ARCHAIC POLIS IN PERCEPTION OF THE IONIAN INTELLECTUALS

M.Yu. Lapteva

The article investigated the world of the forming of the Greek polis of Ionia in the perception of the Ionian intellectual elite — well-known poets, philosophers, historians. The author examines the views of the Ionic intellectuals according to different problems of the economic, political and religious-moral life of the Ionian polis Ionia and also the methods of their solution. There has been emphasized the contribution of the Ionian intellectuals in formation of the ideology of the early polis of the East Greece.

THE SELEUKID KATOIKIA OF THE ISLAND FAILAKA (KUWAIT)

N.A. Makkaveev

The article is devoted to a military settlement — Katoikia on the island Failaka near the coast of Kuwait which has an honourary place in all summary works on Hellenic history alongside with such known centers as Susa, Seleukeia-ad-Tigris. The author speaks about necessity of the analysis on the given Failakan inscriptions combined with other kinds of sources, and also comparison with materials from other areas of Seleukids power.

EVOLUTION OF THE ROMAN PRAETORS' MAGISTRACY (367–122 BC)

O.A. Vlasova

The article shows series of the praeture evolution during 3rd – 2nd centuries BC. There have been analysed and considered stages of development within the magistracy and character of its changes. The year 122 BC is regarded to be the turning point of Roman praetorian history. First, the praetors' magistracy could not develop any more in the same way as far as it responded to the territorial growth of the state with the increase in praetors number. Second, for the first time the praetor received a purely judicial province, a constant court of blackmail cases. The further evolution of pretors' magistracy differs sharply from its development in 367–122 BC.

SACRAL VIEWS OF ROMAN WARRIORS FROM THE WESTERN PART OF THE EMPIRE

N.I. Solovjanov

The author analysed the dedications to emperors and main deities of the Roman panteon, Celtic Gods and German deity Vagdaver. The most unusual things are two Christian gravestones of the 3rd century from Spain. They don't have analogy in the other regions of the Empire, because the Christians didn't serve in the Roman army until the 4th century A.D.

GALLIEN AND THE SENATE

Yu.B. Tsirkin

The Gallien Code edition expedited the process of senators' replacement off the real management of the army and provinces. There was only quite a small range of the civil posts left for senators which were rather minor in conditions of the increasing militarization of the empire. The senate still kept the authority as an embodiment of the Roman statehood, but this authority rested mainly only on tradition, and the senate had no more influence in the army. Thus, there had been made another big step from principatus to dominantus. Officially senators were the supreme estate but the real authority belonged to military — bureaucratic elite. Gallien's reform came to be a decisive step in such a situation.

PAINTED POTTERY OF LATE CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC PERIODS FROM CHERSONESOS TAURIC CHORA

I.I. Vdovichenko, G.M. Nikolaenko

The painted pottery of late Classical and Hellenistic time was found on the chora of Chersones Tauric. It characterizes family life and cultural traditions of the population, supposedly the Greek one or the one which was very much alike. The earliest samples could be dated to the end of the 5th — the beginning of the 4th c. BC — the late ones — by the turn of the 2nd — 1st centuries BC. It allows to speak about life stability of the chora as far as its Golden age can be dated to the second half of the 4th — 3rd centuries BC.

HANDMADE CERAMICS OF «ROYAL» CHORA SETTLEMENTS IN EUROPEAN BOSPORUS

A.A. Krajneva, A.A. Maslennikov

The article is devoted to studying the handmade ceramic complexes of the «Royal» chora settlements in European Bosporus of the 4th — 3rd centuries BC. The basic purpose of the research was making typological classification of handmade utensils, revealing features of local manufacture. Proceeding from essential and possible analogies, there has been made an attempt to draw conclusions about its ethnic interpretation and character of ethnic-cultural innovations and traditions. Statistical processing of field and archival materials revealed the portion of the handmade ceramics in relation to other categories, and its place and role in general characteristic of a ceramic complex in settlements of a distant chora in the European Bosporus.

A BOSPORAN RELIEF WITH A BATTLE SCENE: THE SCYTHIANS OR THE AMAZONS?

L.L. Selivanova

This article re-examines a famous relief (dated to the 4th century BC or later) found on the site «Yubileynoe I» on the Taman peninsula (Krasnodar territory, Temryuk region) during the excavations in 1983-1990. It was discovered in a building from the 1st century BC — the 1st century AD and has been preserved in the A.S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. The author bases her conclusion on a comparative analysis of the relief's details, with reference to Greek literary and artistic parallels. In her opinion, the relief was made by a local craftsman well-versed in both Greek mythology and local mythological traditions. The choice of the theme, in which the Scythians and the Amazons played the main (and positive) roles, might reveal the purpose of the image as urging the resident Greeks and the locals to maintain civic peace. The author of the article, therefore, suggests that the relief was made for a local temple, or a Heroon, which venerated patron deities of the city. The stonecutter depicted a tale, quite popular among the multi-ethnic Bosporan population (see Herodotus 5.110-117), about the origins of the Sarmatians and the first encounter of the Scythians with the Amazons, i.e. when the Scythians did not yet know that the Amazons were women.

COINS WITH THE LEGEND NYN: CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINAGE

V.L. Strokin

The author casts doubt on validity of a traditional view on the Athenian monetary decree (IG. Ii. 1453), placing emphasis to the fact that this document had not been directed on monopolization of silver coinage in the First Athenian Sea union. But the decree had the overall objective of distribution the attic monetary-metrological standard among all its members. Therefore it is necessary to search for traces of implementing this law into effect not in the hold up of a mint or any union center, but in the move of the production into the attic monetary standard. The author thinks that the law was not applied to Nymphaem because of a specific military-political and economic situation. Coinage with a legend NYN was carried out in about 435–425 ВС and stopped in first years of Peloponnession war in connection with the increase of the taxation and toughening free bread trade. These reasons brought to the end the inflow of non-standard import silver which served as raw monetary material in Nymphaeum.

ETHNOGEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION IN SOUTH-EAST ABKHAZIA DURING ANTIQUITY

O.V. Maan

During the antique and the early Middle Age periods the territory of the South-East Abkhazia belonged to the area of Apcilia ancient political formation, occupying the central and east part of modern Abkhazia in the 1st — 8th centuries. The conclusion is made during the antique period the left bank of Codor and the Skurchinsky bight areas were originally populated territories. It proves to be true by the fact that all archaic settlements known in Kodor deltas, are located only on the left bank of the river; there are no antique settlements fixed on the right bank of Kodor.

BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTHERN URALS: ECONOMIC STABILITY AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS

A.V. Epimakhov

The article is devoted to a comparison made on economic and social trends of the Southern Urals Bronze Age. The life-support economy had not undergone radical changes. The system of the social relations looks quite contradictory due to distinctions in the models of burial rites. There are two groups of explanations to this contradiction. According to the first there were real changes of social structure. According to the second one the key ideas determined the shape of a burial site and demonstration of the social status had varied during the period.

NOMADIC CIVILIZATION OF EURASIA

S.G. Botalov

The article is devoted to studying and developing the notion of the "nomadic civilization of Eurasia" (NCE). Laying ground for main definitions of this notion the author came to the conclusion that the nomadic civilization of Eurasia is a society with the productive form of economy, developed ideology that is able to stimulate its steady growth and development as well as effective functioning and reproduction of the social and cultural system. This kind of social and cultural system, in its turn, can support a high degree of mobility, communicative and adaptation skills of the community. The nomadic civilization of Eurasia is also characterized by the urban culture developed to a certain degree as well as the fully formed and widely spread among the main social groups and layers tradition of writing. The main stages of its development took place within the borders of the Eurasian steppe territory and the neighbouring submountain, highland, forest-steppe and semi-deserted oasis areas.

The main historical stages of the NCE development could most probably be presented in the following way:

1st stage (7th – 6th centuries BC — 1st – 3rd centuries AD) of the proto nomadic civilizations when the constituent features were formed and NCE appeared as a continental system during the ancient nomadic period.

2nd stage (4th – 8th — 13th – 14th centuries) actually witnessed the appearance and further development of the NCE. It took place between the Xiong-nu-Hun and the early Turkic period which was the time of the first Nomadic Empires and the appearance of the nomadic city as a phenomenon. This is the period when all the displacements within the macro and micro regions of the Eurasian steppe and bordering areas were all more or less arranged or interconnected.

3rd stage (15th – 17th centuries) was marked by the decay of the system's foundational structural elements, the geo-cultural localization and the insulation of nomadic societies, multiple sporadic migrations and displacements within micro and macro regions. The system of political, cultural and trade migrations was destroyed at this stage.

THE IRANIAN CAMPAIGN OF HULEGU: PREHISTORY

V.P. Kostyukov

The article is analyzing the relations between Toluids and Jochids after the Mongke election as a chief of the Mongol Empire in 1251. The author shows, that Mongke intention to change the control system in the reduced agricultural areas did not correspond to the Jochids's interests. The Jochids resistance to Mongke plans had been principally expressed in attempt to block the intrusion of imperial army under command of Hulegu to Iran.

ROLE OF MILITARY SCHOOLS (MILITARY GRAMMAR SCHOOLS) IN COSSACK OFFICER STAFF TRAINING IN SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY

D.V. Bobylev

The article deals with the role of military schools in the Cossack officer staff training in second half of the 19th century. In particular, process of formation and development of these military schools is under consideration. At the first stage cadet schools were the unique supplier of the qualified and educated officers to the Cossack troops. At the second stage, after D.A.Milyutin's reform their role was limited to youth training for military and junker schools, thus they have changed the name for military grammar schools. The third stage is characterized by returning to military schools, their application remained the same, though some transformations have been made.

M.D. SKOBELEV IN HISTORICAL MEMORY THE KUBAN COSSACKS

O.V. Matveev

The article is an attempt to understand M.D. Skobelev's role and place in historical memory of the Kuban Cossacks. In historical believes of the Kuban Cossacks his life and deeds were measured both by national importance and accordance to a certain behaviour model expected from him at a local level. In Kuban Cossacks' historical memory of M.D .Skobelev is connected to both individual traits and typological qualities, so it allows to inscribe him in a number of famous military commanders. Skobelev's ability to be clear to traditional consciousness, his «folklore» behaviour contributed to fixing his image in national memory. Formation of a heroic symbol around of M.D. Skobelev's name was made within common moral consciousness and by means of ideological influence.

MUNICIPAL DUMAS OF THE WESTERN SIBERIA: STYLE OF WORK (LAST THIRD OF THE 19th — THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY)

A.V. Litjagina

The article examines the style, character of work at provincial self-management of the Western Siberia during the last third of the 19th — the beginningof the 20th century. The development of municipal sphere was carried out at different rates as far as the Western-Siberian cities differed much in population and their level of social and economic and cultural growth. The author states a question about the dependence of progressive changes on the elective authorities and analyses differences in activity of public self-management. Rates of budgetary growth of cities, scale of successful transformations of municipal economy are also compared and evaluated much; more over there has been revealed a big role of the education level at city heads of municipal management.

MODERN RUSSIAN SCHOLARS ABOUT SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTER OF BEHAVIOUR OF THE ZEMSTVO INTELLIGENTSIA

E.V. Tchernysheva

The author offers his review of recent historical books and articles published in Russia, which are devoted to the peculiarities of the social and cultural character of behaviour at zemstvo intelligentsia in the second half of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries. There have been revealed some achievements, a general level of the elaboration upon the problem and poorly explored plots. The author has planned prospects of the further study.

«CITIZEN» AND «BULLETIN OF EUROPE» ON GOVERNMENT OF ALEXANDER III: POLICY OF EDUCATION

A.V. Kaijl

The article views the attitude of periodicals to the governmental policy in the field of education during Alexander III reign. The author infers that the reactionary and liberal press had completely opposite opinions on a governmental policy in education field during counter-reforms. The reactionary press in the name of "Citizen" adhered to the position of rendering assistance and support to the government in carrying out new actions in education sphere. The liberal press on behalf of "Bulletin of Europe" not only disapproved reactionary measures of the government in the field of education, but also sharply responded to them in the magazine, therefore it was frequently subjected to harsh criticism on the part of the censorship.

STAGES OF REALIZATION OF THE USA STRATEGIC PLANS IN POLITICAL SPHERE OF GREECE (1945-1953 гг.)

V.S. Pivovarova

The article centers round the stages of realization of the USA strategic plans in political sphere of Greece during the initial period of "the cold war". The author gives his own variant of division the American foreign policy in four stages, defining the features and consecution for each of them. Moreover, there have been analyzed ways and methods of realization of the USA policy, considered the basic regularities of their tactics. Besides, the declared aims and tasks of their policy are compared with the final results.

CLASS CHARACTERISTIC OF JACOB BYOME'S LITERARY-PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE

S.M. Shaulov

The article is devoted to an original feature of German theosophist Jacob Byome (1575–1624). A frontier character of his works is beyond the frameworks of any habitual specific classification. The philosophical contents and art specificity of his heritage were discussed within the framework of variuos discourses. Poetics' and philosophical syncretism of Byome's works results from a single messianic aim in which various intentions: experience of revelation, intellectual gambling and suggestive-salutary demands from the reader — are united by a constantly present in the text, reflective and self-expressive author's ego.

EMOTIONAL WORLD OF THE DRAMATIC CHARACTERS IN THE G.E. LESSING’S DRAMA «MINNA FON BARNHELM»

Z.E. Perfilyeva

In the article an attempt is made to determine the role of emotions and their functions in the realization of the characters' tasks in the G.E. Lessing's drama «Minna fon Barnhelm». G.E. Lessing being placed between two largest German literary currents of the 18th century, actually, he did not ascribe himself to none of them. Tracing his roots back from the rationalism, Lessing creates the platform for a future current «Storm and Pressure». In the theory of drama G.E. Lessing supports the idea of deleting bounds between public and a work of art.

«EXPERIENCE OF СRITICAL POETICS» BY I.K. GOTSHED: TRADITIONS AND INNOVATION

M.L. Skvorzova

Cultural life of the first decades of the 18th century is notable for a wild growth of interest to literary work. During that period there had been outlined tendencies developed in literature of the second half of the 18th c. It seems possible to regard I.K. Gotshed's activity as a motive power of the German literature during the specified period. He was the founder and the brightest representative of educational classicism in Germany. I.K. Gotshed's «Experience of critical poetic» overcomes an out-of-date perception of similar scientific works as the instruction to poetics. To Goshed, the poetics is not only a system of rules of poetic creativity, features of the genre, but also an opportunity to propagandize the ideas basing on critical directives of educational ideology, giving philosophical meaning to a role of literature and literary work in a contemporary society.

F.M. DOSTOEVSKY «IDIOT»: AXIOLOGICAL «BATTLEFIELD» IN CHARACTERS' HEARTS

Ye.V. Kuznetzova

The behaviour of Dostoevsky's characters is interpreted through the axiological approach. There has been defined the axiological position for each character and traced the development of every other one. The position includes o complex of axiological points (standards, values, ideals). The article draws attention to interchangeling of standards, values and ideals at Dostoevsky's characters. The work gives analysis of the characters' views on «beauty». Beauty is a guiding line of the highest level. There is also some analysis on understanding abilities of beauty as the ideal of Dostoevsky's artistic world. Dostoevsky as well as his characters of «Idiot» interprets mystery of beauty that can change the world and save it. The result of the analysis is the main ideal that is harmony of beauty and humility.

F.M DOSTOYEVSKY NOVEL «THE DEMONS»: MYTHOLOGICAL FORMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

E.G. Postnikova

This article proves that Dostoyevsky was the first Russian thinker who focused his attention to the phenomenon of «archaization» («mythologisation») of public mind under social crises. The author draws attention to the peculiarities of a ritual behaviour of characters living within the myth. The author shows the way Dostoyevsky mocks and re-encodes the democratic myth in the poem «Bright person», associating it with the archetype of «distemper» and «false royalty».

IMAGE OF NON-EXISTENCE IN A.BELIY'S CREATIVITY (1899–1922)

V.S. Sevastjanova

A. Belyj simultaneously creates world outlook and art concepts of non-existence. Thus symbols and categories of the world outlook concept such as «emptiness», «abyss», «cold», «chaos», «grey» are embodied in images and motives of art works. The image of Non-existence in A.Beliy's creativity evolves from nonexistence as the absence, the emptiness in his early works up to «something — Universe» in his late novels.

ETHNIC AND CULTURE UNIVERSAL FEATURES OF PAREMAS: COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH

N.N. Semenenko

Proverbs, omens, riddles live in peoples' mind broadcasting and preserving major aims of national culture through centuries. The frame nature of paremas is determined by their ability to reflect the generalized stereotyped situations which form a denotation basis for proverbs, omens and riddles. Cultural universality and cultural specificity of paremas are considered taking into account both generality of logical-cognitive structures within the statements of aphoristic folklore forms, and specificity of the national pragmatic meanings being the conductors of corresponding cognitive units and structures.

THE STATUS OF THE BASHKIR LANGUAGE IN CONSTITUTIONS OF REPUBLIC BASHKORTOSTAN

N.G. Iskuzhina

The question of the status of the Bashkir language was put on the first Bashkir kurultai in 1917 in Orenburg. The problem of the Constitutional definition of the status of languages remained to be urgent and at the end of the 20th century it has been solved in additions and changes to the Constitution 2000, after «Law of languages of peoples of Bashkortostan republic» adopted in February, 1999. Clause 1 of the Constitution of Bashkortostan republic proclaims: «State languages of Republic Bashkortostan are the Bashkir and Russian languages». These two basic documents both provide a legal basis of languages functioning and determine the status of languages of peoples within the republic.

THE EPOS IN CONTEXT OF NOMADS MILITARY CULTURE: RITUAL BEHAVIOUR OF POLITICAL LEADER (on material of Kalmyk Epos «Djangar»)

S.V. Dmitriev

The article is devoted to the analysis done on one of the versions of the Kalmyk epos «Djangar», created by a well-known Elyan Ovla (1857–1920). This interpretation of «Djangar» allows to estimate military-political culture both at Kalmyks and other nomadic peoples of the Central Asia. This work of art embodies a ritual behavioural standard of the political leader and culture of the international hierarchical relations. The author brings out clearly, that «Djangar» represents a perfect algorithm of actions used by a nomadic leader in his search of power cultivated through the ages. A future politician was brought up on this very model and aspired to put it into practice. The work was done on the basis of studying the epos texts and their comparison with historical precedents.

CULT OF SOUTH URAL THE OLD BELIEVERS' SAINT PEOPLE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th — BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURIES

N.S. Fedorov

The article opens the problematics of the post schismatic saint people within the old believers of Southern Ural: historical and confessional features of the cults origin, "life-being" data, descriptions of forms of national worship. For the first time in the Russian historical science the author of the article submits data on thirteen South Ural saints, esteemed by the Old Believers in the middle of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries.

HOLIDAYS AND PRODUCTION CYCLE IN RUSSIAN VILLAGE WITHIN EUROPEAN PROVINCES OF RUSSIA AND SIBERIA IN SECOND HALF OF THE 19th — BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY

M.K. Tchurkin

The article submits social and economic analysis on Russian traditional festive calendar. The conclusion made on the basis of studying holidays' system is that the abundance of holidays had negative influence on results of peasantry work. In Siberian region, despite the fact that peasantry preserved piety towards holidays, there have been quite little time off left for workers and the situation was accounted for by a limited influence of the state, communal and church organizations.

WEDDING RITUALS, FAMILY-MARRIAGE RELATIONS AND LABOUR TRADITIONS OF ALTAI COSSACKS IN SECOND HALF OF THE 19th — BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURIES

V.V. Isaev

The article is about family, marriage and labour traditions at Altai Cossacks of second half of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries. There have been traced basic stages of the Cossack family shape: its structure, economic potential. The emphasis is given to wedding ceremonies (on the example of Ust-Kamenogorsk stanitsa which included some Altai Cossack settlements during various historical periods). A significant part of statistical material on social and economic state of the Cossack families in Altai was taken from questionnaires of agricultural census of 1917 processed by the author in all 19 settlements of Bijsk Cossack line (2100 questionnaires).

NORMS OF GIRLS' BEHAVIOUR IN RUSSIAN ALTAI VILLAGES IN OF THE 19th — FIRST THIRD OF THE 20th CENTURIES

E.A. Koljaskina

The article views relationships in a youth circle and ideas at the Altai Russians about norms of girls' behaviour. The regulation of the youth behaviour, first of all girls' behaviour, pursued one goal: to provide their future happy family life. General Russian traditions always lay foundation to norms of girls' behaviour; the girl's reputation is of great importance either.

FESTIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR CHILDREN IN CHELYABINSK AREA IN 1920–1930

M.A. Kuljashova

The article is devoted to a problem of forming the Soviet festive culture. The author traces mechanisms of formation the new children's holidays directed to communistic ideology on materials of archives and press of Southern Ural. As all Soviet holidays, the children's holidays had a powerful ideological base developed in the twentieth of the 20th century. The next decades, despite some change within ideological filling, the general structure of the children's holidays remained the same. They had not only entertaining, but also educational character. Having gone through a change of a political context children's holidays were directed to socialization of the coming generation aimed at forming worthy citizens of the Motherland.

CALENDAR CEREMONIAL AT PRIKAMYE RUSSIANS IN CONDITIONS OF SOCIETY TRANSFORMATION IN 1920-1930-s

A.V. Chernyh

The article is devoted to transformation of calendar ceremonial at Prikamye Russians in the context of Soviet Order in 1920-30-s. During this period there were certain compromises between new and traditional institutes including the ceremonial. Collective-farm holidays frequently arose on the basis of traditional ceremonies taking habitual elements into their new outline. Full-scale ideological offensive at traditional holidays began with the second half of 1930-s on the part of the Soviet and party bodies. But despite essential losses, calendar ceremonial at the Russians of Prikamye as a complete system continued to exist down to 1950-s.

SPRING HOLIDAYS OF THE DON COSSACKS IN THE 19th — THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURIES: SEXUAL-AGE ASPECT

M.A. Ryblova

The article is devoted to the analysis on calendar spring ceremonial of the Don Cossacks in the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century. Emphasizing a complex rituality in the field of military practice and a poor rituality in the sphere of a female culture, the author considers the Don calendar ceremonial of the period in a sexual-age aspect. A big place is occupied with the questions connected to the analysis done on ceremonial symbols of the Cossacks. A basis of the research is original field material and data from the regional periodical press of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century. The author brings out clearly the Don Cossack community operated a various and bright ceremonial, its framework had precisely allotted functions within sex-age groups.

TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN CEREMONIAL AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE DON NATIONAL CALENDAR

N.A. Arhipenko

The article examines the Don Calendar terminology of a spring-and-summer cycle and describes a number of features which the Don calendar inherits from the eastern Slavonic one (that is a сconnection with the Christian terminology, a model of chronos' formation). There have been revealed some specific characteristics of the Don ceremonial lexicon. The structure and character of terminology testify to transformations in the Don calendar, which appeared in reduction of some fragments, mixture of motives and codes serving the calendar.

FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF A CHILD'S BIRTH AT DON COSSACKS' TRADITIONS

T.J. Vlaskina

There have been considered customs and ceremonies dated for the anniversary of a child's birth within the Don Cossacks in the end of the 19th — the first half of the 20th centuries. The basic source is the field materials collected in 15 areas of Rostov and 4 areas of Volgograd areas from 1986 till 2008 in dialect and ethno-linguistic expeditions. Having studied structure and value of ceremonial actions, the author divides them into universal festive and specific ones which show basic anniversary contents. The author comes to a conclusion that at anniversary celebration the horse and its symbolical analogue (a saddle) act as a subject-symbol of the Cossack future professional activity.

SOME MYTHOPOETICAL DOMINANTS IN SPRING CALENDAR OF THE COSSACKS' SETTLEMENTS (THE SOUTH OF CHELYABINSK AREA)

I.A. Filippova

When analyzing field materials the author examines the way the «mythopoetical dominants» of spring calendar are submitted in the region. The subject of studying come to be two themes: the first is the end of the spinning works, submitted in customs of disguising as kazhimotka on Forty great martyrs day (March, 9/22) and ridings with a distaff at Pancake week. The second is a meteorological theme, represented as a tradition of doing sporadic religious processions and religious processions to the springs on the Ninth Friday at Easter.

THE WORLD COSSACKS CONGRESSES: THE BIRTH OF TRADITION

O.V. Rvacheva

Work is devoted to modern socio-cultural processes in the environment of the Russian Cossacks. A subject of the researche is the Cossacks' revival and forms of their mass demonstration activity. The author judges about character of transformations experienced by modern Cossacks on the analysis of activity at the Cossacks' Russian and World congresses. The character of transformations determines a complex combination of the modernized and traditional elements within culture. Specificity of modernization in the Cossacks' environment is the use of traditional norms and elements of culture and forming new traditions at the same time.

HOLIDAYS AND CEREMONIES OF RUSSIAN FAMILY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20th — THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY

M.A. Zhigunova

The article views holidays and ceremonies of Russian family in the middle of the 20th — the beginning of the 21st century. The present work is based on materials of ethno-sociological and historico-ethnographic expeditions of Omsk state university and Omsk branch of archeology and ethnography Institute and the Siberian branch of the Russian academy of sciences, carried out by the author in 1986-2008 in the Western Siberia. The author analyzes the basic changes which have taken place in maternity, baptismal, wedding and funeral-memorial ceremonies of Russian population of Siberia, describes their modern condition, including a religious component.

PROMISE DAY IN KAGA VILLAGE OF BELORETSKII REGION, BASHKORTOSTAN (on materials of field researches)

I.V. Loseeva

The author considers the promise day in Kaga village of Beloretskii region of Bashkortostan on the basis of field researches, published written sources and archival documents. The subject is viewed in a system of particular local holidays, developed in the given region during two millennia. This holiday has fixed crucial moments in a village history; besides it has strongly come to be the part of calendar rhythms and it is celebrated actively by local residents at present.

DYNAMICS OF YOUTH BEHAVIOUR IN SPRING CALENDAR-CEREMONIAL FOLKLORE AT RUSSIANS IN BASHKORTOSTAN

S.A. Moiseeva

The author has made an attempt to do analysis on socialization stages at youth in a context of a spring national calendar. The material for work is folklore-ethnographic records fixed during expeditions of MaSu national culture laboratory from 1993 till 2007 in Russian villages of Beloretsky area (Bashkortostan). The ascertainment of material occurred in a situation of "recollecting" about a tradition widely spread in the villages during the first half XX century. The article marks some leading motives of spring calendar-ceremonial folklore and reveals functionally significant elements of spring youth entertainments within the ethnic-local zone.

TRADITIONAL CALENDAR HOLIDAY IN CULTURE OF RUSSIA IN THE 20th — THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY

T.N. Zolotova

There have been analyzed the processes of functioning and transformation within a Russian national holiday during the age-old history. The author offers a new classification of holidays emphasizing a target orientation of festive actions and types of social groups celebrating these holidays. The research is based on the ethnographic and ethno-sociological materials collected by the author in Omsk, Kurgan, Tyumen areas and Altai territory, and also on some data from the archives and mass media.

NATIONAL VIEWS ON CHRISTMAS AND EASTER IN SLAVIC NON FANTASTIC PROSE OF THE CENTRAL-NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

A.D. Tzvetkova

The present article reveals a set of national Christian views expressed in oral subject texts. The oral works which have been written down in a polyethnic region (Central-Northern Kazakhstan) are involved in the analysis. Observance of norms within Christian ceremonialism is regarded as a display of Slavs' cultural originality.

THE BIRTH AND CHRISTENING PARTIES AT TRANSBAIKAL FAMILIES

F.F. Bolonev, T.S. Kalashnikova

The article covers basic elements of birth-christening ceremonial at the Old Believers of Transbaikalia identical in many respects to a common Russian tradition; but the rite has its own specificity at the same time. There have been revealed contents of interdictions and beliefs about a woman's pregnancy, childbirth and a christening. The role of a midwife as a guardian to a mother and a child in ceremonies of a birth-christening cycle is also emphasized.

DEATH AND FUNERAL IN KHAKASES' OUTLOOK

V.A. Burnakov

The author of the article introduces into practice new archival and field materials on funeral-memorial ceremonial and believes about death in the Khakases' culture. The work adduces the detailed, stage-by-stage description of traditional funeral ceremony and analyses notions about death. Authentic native folklore accompanying the ceremony of funeral has a significant place within the work. Summing up the research, the author comes to a conclusion, that funeral-memorial ceremonies of the Khakases have been focused on the establishment of balance and regulated connections between the dead and the alive, the real world and the beyond.

EASTER CEREMONIAL AT GERMANS OF PRIKAMYE IN THE 20th CENTURY: TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS

D.I. Vajman

There have been considered features of Easter ceremonialism at a compact group of the German population in Prikamye, assuming as a basis the field materials. This group was formed basically out of immigrants from Russian western provinces in the beginning of the 20th century. The author reveals the structure and basic elements of a holiday ceremonial and also interethnic innovations being the results of contacts with the Russian population.

«STANDING ON WATER» — «VAYN SUSLAVNY» — IN CALENDAR TRADITION OF KOMI-PERMIANS

T.G. Goleva, A.V. Chernyh

The article is about characteristic on locally honoured and vow holidays of a Komi-Permian national calendar. The «standings on water» occupy a special place among the rituals. So these rituals have wide analogies in Russian ethnography and they are quite remarkable for their originality so far. In Komi-Permians' calendar the «standings» ceremonials are correlated with the rituals of ancestors' commemoration, prevention a drought and calling for rain. The essential feature of Komi-Permians' traditions was a set of believes about «myzha» (a penalty sent to the saints), which defined contents of «standings on water» rituals in many respects.

ORNITHOLOGICAL-MORTHIOUS SYMBOLISM OF A FUNERAL IN LOCAL VARIANTS OF SLAVIC CULT TRADITIONS

O.V. Golubkova

The work is devoted to the analysis of the plots connected to believes about an ornithological-morthious contour of a soul at the Slavic peoples. Addressing Slavic and Finno-Ugric parallels in the field of ceremonies of a life cycle, the author examines in detail the symbolism of a cock and a hen. The basis of the research is original field materials fixed in Novosibirsk area in 2002-2004 about use of a live hen during funeral at the Russians and the Ukrainians. When analyzing modern funeral ceremonial, the author comes to a conclusion, that it represents a variant of the archaic ceremony on the hen as a symbol of fertility and as a conductor or an embodiment of a soul at the same time.

TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES AND HOLIDAYS OF SPRING-SUMMER CYCLE AT RUSSIANS IN SIBERIA: VEGETATIVE AND ORNITHO-MORTHIOUS SYMBOLISM IN SOCIO-AGE HIERARCHY

G.V. Lyubimova

On the basis of the archival, published and field materials the study examines the role of ritual symbols of vegetative and ornitho-morth origins of traditional festive culture within the Russian population of Siberia. The focus of the work is typologically similar ceremonies of a spring-and-summer cycle (such as «funeral of a cuckoo», «seeing off a birch», «carrying an ear», etc.) their comparative analysis allowed the author to relate them to transitive ceremonies of the maiden majority and to reveal ritual forms where appeared changes of the socio-age status of participants.

WEDDING CEREMONY AT THE MORDOVIAN POPULATION OF ALTAI TERRITORY: TRADITIONS AND THE PRESENT (on materials of field researches)

M.A. Ovcharova

The work is devoted to the characteristic wedding customs at the Mordovian population of Altai territory. The author shows the changes within the ceremony form and contents as well as functions of customs under influence of political, social and economic conditions. It was possible to find out, that the wedding ceremony preserved its general structure in zones of the local Mordovian settlings up to the middle of the 20th century though some traditional features were lost. The Mordovian wedding of the 21st century has combined a lot of new ideas; but separate traditional elements continue to exist in it till present. The wedding ceremony authorizes family and ethnic values in public opinion.

SAYANO-ALTAI REPUBLICS IN THE END OF THE 20th — THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURIES: NEW HOLIDAYS AS A WAY OF ETHNIC-SYMBOLICAL REPRODUCTION

E.V. Samushkina

The article is devoted to transformation of modern festive culture of Sayno-Altai during the post-Soviet period. The problem of ethnics structure within the region has been considered on materials of new ethnic-national holidays (El Oiyin, Naadym, etc.,). A modern festive culture is submitted in a context of the ethnic-national ideology formation at Turkic peoples of the region. A resource base of the research is the author's field material (scripts of holidays, data of sociological polls, the mass media: the regional press and the Internet).

EXCHANGE IN NAURYZ SPRING CELEBRATION AT KAZAKHS: TRADITIONS AND THE PRESENT

Z.K. Suraganova

The work considers the institute of an exchange-donation ritual on historical, folklore and ethnographic materials within the framework of Nauryz spring holiday at the Kazakhs of the 19th — the 20th centuries. Nauryz connected to the idea of nature and world renovation, included a ritual exchange of entertainments, wishes, gifts which stimulated renovation and awakening of nature and human potentiality. An overall objective of a holiday was finding fertility and abundance. Many Nauryz elements have kept their value till present though there is also the anti-sacral process of exchange and donation institutes within the framework of a modern calendar ceremonial.

RITUALS DIRECTED TO WELL-BEING OF THE ALIVE IN FUNERAL CEREMONY AT AGINSKY BURAYTS

D.Tz. Tzydenova

The article is about the Buddhist rituals directed to the well-being of the alive — made by the Buddhist clerics in the family, before — during — and after the funeral ceremony. All ritual actions had the purpose of life and well-being continuation within the surroundings of the deceased.

SHEPHERD DAY IN ALTAI. THE HISTORY OF A HOLIDAY (researches and materials)

I.V. Oktjabrskja, E.V. Samushkina

The article is devoted to problems of socio-normative culture and its transformation within traditional communities. Altai materials helped to reveal reasons and mechanisms of the Soviet industrial agrarian holidays' formation. The Shepherd's Day development in Altai cattle breeding areas in 1950 is traced through archival and press sources. The author's research has shown that the Shepherd Day in Altai was an organic part of the Soviet life. It had subordinated national culture to the industrial one. But, being a political innovation, the Shepherd's Day updated some public ideals comparable to universal images of ideal space, time and society being the dominants of all holidays including traditional ones. It determined the holiday's viability. By the beginning of 80-s the 20th century the Shepherd's Day turned into a national holiday.

YOUTH OF THE NORTH. LEISURE AND CREATIVE ACTIVITY AT YOUTH IN SURGUT AREA OF HMAO-JUGRY: THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW

Ya.V. Zhandarova

The article considers the estimation of leisure and creative activity at youth of North Siberia basing on mass public poll materials from Surgut area (HMAO-JUGRA). The research data show that the problem of realization of the youth creative potential of Surgut area has not been solved yet. It is possible to state, that most frequent ways of having a free time marked by youth first answer needs about dialogue, rest and entertainment. The problem of the future generations' settling keeps its urgency in the North so far.

FESTIVE DISCOURSE OF PUBLIC WRITING DURING WARTIME (on materials of the Second World War front letters)

O.R. Nikolaev

There an attempt has been made to do the discourse analysis of epistolary texts dated to the wartime in aspect of their «festive» subjects. Selection of fragments was made on material of 558 letters; there was used a commentary technique. The front festive discourse is considered as a significant phenomenon of an ethnographic reality and a special historical and cultural source. This database appears to be quite «closed» because of censorship and formality of the texts. There have been revealed and described formulas, models of the text structure, characteristic topics of a festive discourse. Alongside with traditional discourse elements (the formula «we had great holiday», concept «fun», topic «the meal and the drink», etc.) front letters develop new models of a festive discourse: «a holiday at non-festive times», «a holiday at the front», «a holiday in the future», etc.

PHOTO: DIALOGUE BETWEEN PERSON AND TIME

T.I. Rozhkova

The article considers a collection of regional photographic materials, as an important data source of national culture. Constant poetics features of family album photos are interpreted in different contextual systems making understanding of the photographic text. The question is the oral and written forms of commentary on a photo.

Details: Published: 08 April 2015; Last Updated: 11 December 2015; Hits: 4679

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