Bukharin M.D. (Мoscow) — Southern, Southeast Asia and the Far East in Antique Testimonies (Ancient East in Antique and Early Christian Tradition (India, China, Southeast Asia / Ed. by V.V. Vetrogradova, S.G. Karpyuk, M.E. Sergeenko, G.A. Taronyan, A.A. Vigasin. Moscow, 2007. 642 p.)

CAUCASUS AND ORIENT SCHOLAR

M.H. Bagaev

The article is devoted to a famous scholar of Caucasus and Orient — Rauf Munchaev. He is internationally famous for his works and archaeological excavations in North Ossetia, Dagestan, Chechnya and other territories of Caucasus. One of his most significant undertakings is the Iraq excavations, which lasted for fourteen seasons. In 1988 R. Munchaev drew up and put forward a project about the excavations in Syria, which has been proceeding with the researches till present. The numerous works done by the scholar are made on the excavations material and deal with ancient monuments, various findings.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE ANCIENT CHECHNYA IN WORKS BY R.М. MUNCHAEV

M.H. Bagaev

The article is devoted to the role and value of R.M. Munchaev's scientific work in studying archaeology of the Chechnya. The work contains a brief scientific biography of the archeologist, some characteristic of the basic monuments open and investigated with the assistance of R.M. Munchaev. The author states the scientist's concepts about contacts between the ancient Oriental World and Caucasus and questions connected with the archeology of separate regions of Northern Caucasus.

SOUTHWEST AREA OF MERV OASIS (PARTHIAN AND SASANIDIAN PERIODS)

V.A. Gaibov, G.A. Koshelenko, G.V. Trebeleva

The article cites the researches on the southwest area of Merv oasis. In total 20 settlements of Parthian and Sasanidian times have been fixed. 18 had arisen at Parthian time; all of them continued to exist during Sasanidian time. This fact testifies to stability and absence of any catastrophic consequences at a stage of transition from Parthian under Sasanidian domination. During Sasanidian time the number of settlements increased insignificantly. At that time there were only 2 new settlements, but the progress was in occurrence of natural suburbs around the fortified settlements. Transition from Sasanidian to Arabian period had a much more destructive character: from 20 existing settlements 6 ceased their being; new settlements arising later were born in new places and had nothing to do with the old infrastructure.

RESTORATION OF PARTHIAN RHYTONS

О.V. Obelchenko

The article is devoted to archeological excavations in Turkmenistan in 1946 which were made by Southern-Turkmenian Archeological Complex Expedition under E.A. Davidovich's guidance and to finding of the unique monuments of the ancient culture — ivory Parthian rhytons in 1948. The work illustrates circumstances of discovery and restoration of valuable finds.

ZOOMORPHOUS PROTOTYPES OF STONE SCEPTERS OF THE ENEOLITHIC AND THE EARLY BRONZE AGE OF EAST EUROPE AND CAUCASUS

S.N. Korenevskij

The purpose of the present article is to state the version about interpretation on images of zoomorphus scepters that are the staffs of the Eneolithic of the south of East Europe and Caucasus. The main objects are the stone sculptures with the animal head or any other zoomorphous details carved on them. The date of the examined artefacts is approximately the 5th millennium BC basically the middle and the second half, and also the 4th millennium BC. The method of the work is connected with two areas of the research. The first area concerns the factual account; the second one broaches the area of interpretation.

ENEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS IN CISCAUCASUS, YASENEVA POLYANA AND CULTURE OF PIN PEARL CERAMICS IN CISCAUCASUS

S.N. Korenevskij

The article considers the issue of Pin Pearl ceramics culture in Ciscaucasus settlements. The becoming of cultures at early cattlemen and farmers of Ciscaucasus can be represented in two stages of the historical development at a local population. The well-known second stage is connected with the spreading of maykopian community at Ciscaucasus. This stage is quite significant for flourishing of local metal working, ceramic manufacture and intensive militarization of a society, neighbouring and distant daros that are exchange contacts and construction of huge barrows reflected by archeological sources. This time falls on the 4th millenium BC according to radicarbonnic dates. The authors find it hard to show any considerable changes in culture of the community; however they note the synchronization aspect in connection with Oriental cultures, so, according to the state of chronology making schemes on late or early monuments out of the settlement culture set seems to be not well-grounded.

«THE BARBAROUS KINGDOMS» OF THE GREAT PEOPLE RESETTLEMENT EPOCH AT ALLANIANS IN CENTRAL CISCAUCASIA.

A.V. Mastykova

The article is devoted to the important and interesting question of formation of pro-state forms at the Allanians in early Medieval Times in Central Ciscaucasia. Central Ciscaucasia of the Great resettlement epoch (the end of the 4th — first half of the 6th cc. A.D.) is famous for a series of burials with rich implements which can be characterized as exclusive or «chieftain's». The work undertakes an attempt of historical interpretation of this archeological fact. General principles of allocation for «chieftain» and «princely» tombs at «barbarous» peoples in Europe of the end of antiquity — the beginning of the middle Ages are defined and applied to some North Caucasian material. On allocation of exclusive burials the author uses the criteria developed for well investigated societies of «barbarous» Europe. Basing on mapping of the richest «princely» burials it is judged, that the early medieval pro-state formations, that are «barbarous kingdoms», arose at the Allanians in the 4th — 5th cc. A.D. in Pyatigorje, in valley Baksan in territory of Kabardino-Balkariya and in Northern Ossetia.

POTENTIAL OF «FORGOTTEN» GATHERINGS: KOBAN CULTURE ANTIQUITIES WITHIN THE KOSSNIERSK'S COLLECTION

V.I. Kozenkova

The article gives the scientific characteristics of Kobanskaya culture artefacts in Kossnierskaya's collection from Berlin Museum and offer their systematization, according to the author's chronology, attracting late workings done by the researchers on similar subjects. The author recognizes typical groups of Kobanskaya culture products within Kossnierskaya's collection, both for the earliest period (Protokoban stage) and the latest one at the turn of the 5th — 4th cc. BC. The analysis of materials has allowed to regulate the chronological sequence within groups of the Kobanskaya type artefacts and to reveal among them some unique things unusual to the given geographical region (a dagger with the openwork handle, a bib «pectoral», metal plates out of the protective armour, a pin with the socket, etc.).

THE ARCHAIC REVOLUTION IN ANCIENT GREECE (PRINCIPAL REVIEW OF INNOVATIONS AND CHANGES IN SOCIAL-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL LIFE OF ANCIENT GREECE IN THE 8th–6th CENTURIES B.C.)

Ed. Frolov

The article deals with the so-called Archaic revolution, i.t. with the radical change in all spheres of the social and cultural life of ancient Greeks, which falls on the archaic period in the history of Ancient Greece (8th — 6th centuries B.C.). The result of this revolution was the birth of ancient classical civilization and, first of all, its nucleus — the polis.

QUESTION ON MODELS OF GREEK COLONIZATION: APOIKIA OR EMPORION. ARCHEOLOGICAL COMPARISON

N.L. Povaljaev

The article is concerned with the question, if there are archaeological signs which point to two different types of settlements, which differ in function. One type, the apoikia — supposed to be a polis — is seen as a typical Greek city. The Emporion on the other hand is often the institution of a polis or the architectural features of a city. First, the archaeological material from the settlement on the island Pithekoussai (Ischia) in the Golf of Naples — a good example for a trade station — is analysed. New results suggest that economy, social organisation and culture were not different from other contemporary Greek colonies or cities. Second, the validity of the hypothesis that all settlements in the Bug region were Emporia is discussed. So, the author suggests that this theory has no foundation in the analysis of the archaeological material. The specific character of the colonisation on the Northern Pontos — which has led many researchers to characterize it as «underdeveloped» — can't be denied, though the reason for this characteristic is not a massive presence of indigenous population but the conservative attitude of the colonists themselves. In this context the statement of Aristotle about the political constitution of Istros, a neighbouring Milesian colony, is taken into consideration. The colonists emphasized those aspects in their culture which were called patroioa politeia referring to the ideal political organisation. The analysis led the author to the conclusion that the Greek colonisation was neither purely agrarian nor purely commercial. The motifs for the colonisation were beyond the dichotomy and distinctly conservative.

«ARGONAUTICA» BY APOLLONIUS RHODIUS AND GREAT GREECE

M.F. Vysokji

The region of Great Greece (Sicily and Southern Italy), being a colonial zone mostly developed by Greeks of Hellenic Oykumen, was «the most populous» from the point of view of the Greek mythology. The cycle about adventures of Argonauts which was popular in antiquity is not the exception. This myth reflects the hardship of a natural character connected with the development of the given region.

POLYBIUS' VIEW UPON RELIGIOUS CRIMES IN MILITARY CONFLICTS OF HELLENISTIC STATES

O.L. Gabelko, E.G. Tejtelbaum

In «The General History» by Polybius the sacrilege is one of the most heinous crimes. The Greek historian used the terms ajsevbhma или ajsevbeia. He described a big number of analogous cases. Basically, there were destructions or defilements of temples. At the same time, one cannot but note some regularity in his descriptions of the episodes. First, Polybius accused of sacrilege only those powers which were hostile to Achaean League and to Romans (first of all, Aetolia and Macedon). Besides, a Greek historian gave only irrational reasons for actions of sacrilege committers, ignoring their real motives of the economical or ideological character. The conclusion is despite the fact, that Polybius was not an atheist; the charge in sacrilege was only one of the arguments when he subjected Rome and Achaean League's opponents to complex criticism.

APELLES’ PLOT IN 218 BC

N.Yu. Sivkina

In 218 BC Macedonian king Phillip V put to death the adviser Apelles and his accomplices. Polybius gave quite an inaccurate interpretation to many facts and presented this event in history as a conspiracy of the nobility against Achaean strateg Arat.

ATTAL THE III TESTAMENT: SOURCES AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

A.P. Belikov

The king of Pergam Attal III Philometor Everget, who died in the spring of 133 BC, bequeathed his empire to Rome. There is an extensive historiography on the problem of this will. The main and most debatable questions are why and, as a matter of fact, what Attal had bequeathed to Rome. Messages from the sources are very poor; therefore there is not a general opinion on these questions in the researches. The decree of the national assembly of Pergam, accepted in 133 BC, unequivocally confirms the fact of existence of the will which had been done in favour of Rome. Thus, a part of a preliminary problem can be regarded as a solved one — the will really existed. But, had it really transferred Pergam to Rome or had any different content? The issue remains open.

CATO THE CENSOR AND SCIPIO AFRICANUS IN SICILY (205/204 B.C.): THE HISTORY AND RHETORIC IN SPACE OF NARRATIVE

V.A. Kvashnin

The article studies the topic connected with a conflict between Cato and Scipio in Sicily in 205-204 B.C. The author investigates data of the ancient tradition, subjecting to the analysis each component of the material. It allows to deduce the development of the topic. The author allocates inside the ancient tradition some subject lines, one of which has been connected with the struggle around of plans of the African expedition, and another — with the behaviour model of the Roman magistrates in a province. Actually a basis of the given topic is the opposition of such representatives of Roman political elite, as Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Cornelius Scipio. Cato, originally playing a supporting role in these events, had been placed in the center of a topic in the rhetorical purposes much later.

BITHYNIA IN CICERO'S LETTERS: ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTERESTS OF THE SENATOR IN THE PROVINCE

Yu.A. Bibarsova

One of the major sources on the history of Late Roman republic are Marcus Tullius Cicero's letters; there have been found reflections on economic and social realities of the 60–40th BC. Since 74 BC Bithynia was of great interest to Roman politicians and businessmen as a new field of enrichment. The main task of the research is to define Cicero's political and financial interests in province Bithynia and to characterize the patron-client relations connected the senator with his Bithynian «friends» upon the basis of the analysis done on Cicero's letters.

THE ARMENIAN KING TIRIDATES I: RELATIONSHIP WITH ROME AND PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION OF HIS AUTHORITY

A.P. Panov

The article considers circumstances of coming to power and fastening on the throne of the Armenian king Tiridates. The author comes to a conclusion, that in his policy Tiridates had inevitably been compelled to direct his efforts on Parthia which remained the nest to him. But at the same time it was necessary to obtain the Roman recognition to provide durability of his regime. Search of an acceptable variant of settlement of relationship with Rome took a decade, and the sides compromised only after they had convinced of hopelessness of further confrontation. Thus legislation of the imperious tsar status was taken in by the Romans and Tiridates differently. The Romans laid high emphasis on external attributes of Rome higher authority; the external manifestations of power had political value for them. Tiridates tried to transfer a worship of the emperor into a religious sphere and rid himself of necessity to follow Roman political line.

FINANCIAL AND FISCAL POLICY OF GALLIC EMPERORS

Yu.V. Kulikova

The question-matter of the article is a financial policy at Gallic emperors. In the Gallic Empire coins of Gallic emperors and the Roman state had one and the same circulation and financial value. The region of Southern Gallia contrasts sharply with the rest regions of Gallic empire. The contrast manifests itself in a political state, monetary circulation and especially in strong Roman impact. After the death of the first Gallic emperor Postumus fiscal actions were practically curtailed. A gradual weakening and a collapse of the financial system of Gallic empire brought the «state» to the economic decline in early 70th of the 3rd c. AD.

THE ARCHAEOLOGAL STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN GOTHS’ REGION IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PREREVOLUTIONARY SCHOLARS

A.V. Zamorjakhin

The author analyzes the process of investigation made on the regions of the Crimean Goths' settlement in the archaeological studies from the middle of the 19th till early 20th century.

MEGARIAN BOWLS OF LATE SCYTHIAN ANCIENT SETTLEMENT BULGANAK

M.S. Shaptsev

The article examines megarian bowls from the excavation of Bulganak late Scythian ancient settlement. The bulk of them is dated to the middle — second half of the 2nd century BC and is to be the Ionium output. As a whole, according to its composition, the complex of relief vessels from Bulganak ancient settlement is characteristic for Northern-Western and the Central Crimea.

COINS FROM THE NECROPOLIS OF DRUZHNOYE

N.I. Khrapunov

The article analysis 12 Roman and 1 Bosporan coins excavated from the necropolis of Druzhnoye in Crimea, Ukraine. This necropolis was made by the Sarmatians and the Alans in the third and fourth centuries AD. It contained 89 funeral constructions: burial vaults, undercut graves, and pit graves. Coins did not make common grave goods. The coins that laid in situ are uncovered from two child's and one woman's burials. Bosporan coin dates to ca. 250 — early 340s. Roman coins divide into two groups: 4 silver antoniniani of AD 241/43-257/68 and 8 bronze folles of AD 295/99-321/24. The former were minted in Rome (3 pieces) and Milan or Siscia (1), the latter in mints of Asia Minor (7) and in Thessalonica (1). This situation corresponds to what is observed in the other barbarian necropoleis in the south-western part of Crimea. The reason(s) why most of these sites did not contain Roman coins minted, first, between Gallienus and Diocletian, and, second, after the death of Constantine I, is still disputable. The source(s) from which the coins came to the south-west of Crimea is unclear as well. There is some background to relate this source to the Greek city of Chersonese in the south-western tip of Crimea.

CRYPT OF THE 4th C. AD FROM THE BURIAL GROUND NEIZATZ

I.N. Khrapunov

The burial ground Neizatz is located in the central part of the Crimean foothills. The results of excavation of one of the crypts are published in the article. The crypt 4 is interesting, first of all, for its design, the funeral ceremonies fixed at its excavation and also a set of funeral implements which are typical for the population of the Crimean foothills of the 4th century AD. Due to the fact that the crypt had not been plundered, and it is a rather rare case, it was possible to fix the position of skeletons together with various funeral inventories. The things found in the funeral chamber, have a set of analogies with the finds made at excavation of other Crimean burial grounds. They, as well as possible, characterize the material culture of the Crimean barbarians.

BOSPORUS TILE STAMPS (SOME PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION)

V.D. Kuznetzov

The important categories of written documents are various stamps, first of all on amphorae and tiles. While the first category of these documents has been drawing the researchers' attention for a long time, prints on the tiles still remain in the background. In many respects it is connected with a quite limited amount of tile stamps incomparable with a number of amphora's stamps of the various industrial centers. So, the question-matter is consideration of the prints on tiles from Bosporus in a context of stamping this kind of building materials in other Greek states, and also taking into account other types of sources on this problem (first of all, the epigraphy data). Besides, it is necessary to reconsider a traditional view on Bosporus tile manufacture as an exclusive domain of Panticapaeum governors as far as it is obvious that private persons got their hands on tile manufacturing.

CHORA OF BOSPORAN CITIES IN SOUTH-EAST OF KERCH REGION IN THE 6th — EARLY THE 3rd AD

S.N. Prokopenko

This article shows a model of genesis and development of chora — rural territory of Bosporan cities at early time of its history in the ancient state in North Black Sea Coast region. The author marks the periods of evolution and compares character of chora of different towns at South-East of Kerch region.

GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION ON TAMAN PENINSULA IN SECOND HALF OF HOLOCENE

Yu.V. Gorlov

The work is devoted to the evolution of paleo-geographical conditions on Taman peninsula and the adaptation of its population, beginning with the Bronze epoch. The sources of the present work are results of archeological-paleogeographical researches in the region which include archeologic geomorphological investigations, drilling chinks, selecting samples of the kernel for the radiocarbon analysis.

«...THE SINDIAN HARBOUR AND THE [SAME] CITY» (STRABO. XI. 2. 14)

V.L. Strokin

The author offers a new interpretation of a well-known Strabonus's phrase as: «The Syndian harbour and the [same] city» and considers, that this name belonged to Kiziltashsky estuary in the antiquity. The city Sindian Harbour is identified with the largest ancient settlement in the region. This city is not mentioned in some periplas, probably, because at that time the entrance into the lake Sindian was impossible, as far as Bugaz Girlo had been blocked by the sand. It is supposed, that in antiquity Bugaz Girlo was called «Oeiaeeoi aeUooaaia». The ancient settlement Blagoveshchensk 4 is identified with the ancient Sindian and the settlement Vityazevo with Aboraka mentioned by Strabonus. It is supposed also, that the settlement Anapskoe was included in the First Athenian sea union in 425/4 BC, in this connection it received the name of the Athenian arhont-eponim Stratoclus. Stratoclea had become a part of Bosporus in 370–365 BC. It was renamed in Gorgippia according to the «the Athenian formula» — in honour of the Asian Bosporus arhontus Gorgipp.

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNERAL CONSTRUCTIONS AT EUROPEAN BOSPORUS IN THE 1st — 3rd CC. AD.

A.A. Zemskova

The article gives analysis on local classification of obsequial construction of urban and rural necropolises in European Bosporus. On the basis of the collected material an attempt was made to work out a general classification which can be applied to any obsequial constructions of all necropolises of European Bosporus.

HEADLESS, BEHEADED AND BIRD-HEAD FIGURINES OF HUMANS IN NEOLITHIC OF THE FAR EAST

D.L. Brodyansky

At Sergeevka-1 site a figurine of a headless girl was found in one of the central pole's hole of the Neolithic dwelling, perhaps, it's a constructive sacrifice. The finds of such figurines in the Priamurye, Korea, Japan, Manshuria are presented in this article, some part of them was found in pole's hole. The author considers them to be sacrifice objects which implied different functions. There are some bird-head figurines among the sacrifice objects; perhaps, they are the images of the «Upper World» people — the habitants of World of the deceased.

«HORIZON OF CHARIOT CULTURES» OF THE NORTHEN EURASIA: POETIC METAPHOR AND HISTOPICAL SUBSTANCE

A.V. Epimakhov, I.V. Chechushkov

Archaeological evidences of chariot complex include finds of real chariots its images, details of harness and paired sacrifices of horses. It is one of the most significant events in the history of the Bronze Age. It has united huge territories of Eurasia from Mycenaean Greece up to China, it is one of the first manifestation of globalization process. The author considers questions of chronology of archeological cultures showing acquaintance with a chariot complex. As a result he has drawn a conclusion on the origin of tradition at the turn of the 3rd — 2nd millennium BC and its long existence during the Bronze Epoch and the Early Iron Age. Dynamics of distribution of the chariot idea from the West on the East is revealed. These conclusions do not allow using the examined complex as means of a narrow synchronization. Thus the word-combination «horizon of chariot cultures» is a poetic metaphor and should not be applied as a scientific term.

METAL INDUSTRY AT TRIBES OF URAL ABASHEVO CULTURE

U.V. Gorbunov

Ural Abash culture is one of three local groups within Abashevo cultural-historical community. There are numerous deposits of copper ores, traces of mine working and use of raw material by Abashevo population. E.N. Chernykh, has illustrated all difficult problems connected with the metal industry on the example of Kargallinsky metallurgical center. When working on the given problem the authors also faced similar difficulties trying to understand archeological traces and the remains found in settlements. So, the problem requires a complex analysis on various materialized traces of metallurgical activity of people who formed tribes of Ural Abashevo culture.

FUNERAL MONUMENTS OF ALAKUL CULTURE IN STEPPE ZONE OF SOUTHERN URAL AREA DURING THE LATE BRONZE EPOCH

I.P. Alaeva

On the basis of the analysis done on funeral complexes of steppe areas of Southern Ural, the author determines specificity a South Ural variant of Alakul culture. There are three territorial groups of monuments within the framework of a South Ural local variant of Alakul culture: the northeast, the central and the southwest which display a diverse orientation of cultural connections. The main culture forming issues are Sintashtа traditions which transformed into Petrovskaya Culture and Early Framework Culure. Migrations of forest-steppe and southern Alakul population exerted significant influence on cultural genesis of Alakul culture within the steppe southern area. The specified local variant of Alakul culture is one of the most eclectic and complicated.

SPREADING OF CUSTOM ON ARTIFICIALLY CRANIAL DEFORMATION AMONG SARGAT’S POPULATION

D.I. Razhev

The analysis of the artificial cranial deformation among Sargat populations (5th c. BC to AD 3rd c., forest-steppe of Western Siberia) has indicated several important patterns of its development. It appears that the practice of deformation was first introduced into the Sargat region by the noble clans of the Central Asian nomads in the first century AD. Most of these clans have been obtained at the Ishim River region. The tradition of deformation persisted among the Sargat until their decline, but the visual intensity was small. Based on evidence discussed within this article, a new model for the spreading of cranial circular deformation in Eurasia, comprising three phases, can be suggested: 1) middle of 1st millennium to 3rd c. BC, artificial deformation marking a few noble clans; 2) 2nd c. BC to AD 2nd c., development of noble nomad clans in several regions of the Eurasian steppe; 3) AD 3rd to 5th c., emergence of great political formation in which all members exhibit cranial deformation.

LATE SARMATIAN BURIALS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 3rd C. AD (A BURIAL GROUND «THREE BROTHERS»)

M.G. Moshkova

The article considers late Sarmathian burials of the second half of the 3rd c. AD, located between the Volga and the Don, in Elista region and Manych upper areas. The funeral ceremony of the described burials, as well as, an accompanying material allow to date them within the limits of the second half of the 3rd c. at the turn of the 3rd — 4th cc. AD. The suggested period is to be the most preferable one to five described complexes from the burial ground «Three brothers».

MEDIEVAL BURIAL OF THE SHAMAN IN SOUTHERN URAL

V.P. Kostjukov

The article presents materials on a barrow of 13th c. in Southern Ural. Features of a funeral ceremony and accompanying inventory allow, in author's opinion, to define the monument as a burial place of the shaman.

TERMINATION TIME OF CHAZAR PRESENCE AT CRIMEA

A.V. Sazanov, J.M. Mogarichev

The analysis of archeological complexes carried out by the authors on so-called «saltovsky» settlements shows that practically all of them came to the end of their existence within the limits of the second half of the 9th century. These data coincide and with the data of the written sources. Thus, authors come to a conclusion that Chazar presence on the Crimean peninsula stops not later than the second half of 9th century.

FROM PASSION OF SIN TO EXPLOIT OF ASCETICISM: PHENOMENON OF SANCTITY OF EX-FORNICATRIXES IN EARLY BYZANTIUM

N.N. Bolgov, T.V. Smirnizkih

The authors investigated the phenomenon of a female body in the gender aspect of history and culture of Early Byzantium. Classical traditions of state, urban life and culture were the reason for a more civil self-identification of women at that time. Ideals of Christian asceticism paradoxically co-exist with debauch of sexual passions. The refusal from nudity and public presentation of a female body had been gradually closing women in the female half of the house. Phenomenon of sanctity of ex-fornicatrixes in Early Byzantium was a long and difficult way to Christian Ideal. Still, it was the honourary way.

Details: Published: 08 April 2015; Last Updated: 11 December 2015; Hits: 4357

Archive

Contents of №21, 2008

CONTENTS

ANCIENT EAST

CAUCASUS

ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME. HELLINISM

NORTH BLACK SEA AND BOSPORUS

PREHISTORY

MIDDLE AGES

CRITICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS